Jump to content

Post-traumatic stress disorder

From Wikipedia
post-traumatic stress disorder
class of disease
Subclass ofanxiety disorder, stress-related disorders, sequelae, disease, major depressive disorder Edit
Health specialtypsychiatry, clinical psychology Edit
Medical examinationDavidson Trauma Scale Edit
Handled, mitigated, or managed bytreatments for PTSD, desensitization, MDMA-assisted psychotherapy Edit
WordLift URLhttp://data.medicalrecords.com/medicalrecords/healthwise/post-traumatic_stress_disorder Edit
ICD-9-CM309.81 Edit
ICPC 2 IDP82 Edit
NCI Thesaurus IDC3389 Edit

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) be a mental disorder wey dey develop from experiencing a traumatic event, such as sexual assault, domestic violence, child abuse, warfare den ein associated traumas, natural disaster, bereavement, traffic collision, anaa oda threats on a person ein life anaa well-being.[1][2][3] Symptoms fi dey include disturbing thoughts, feelings, anaa dreams related to de events, mental anaa physical distress to trauma-related cues, attempts to avoid trauma-related cues, alterations insyd de way a person dey think den dey feel, den an increase insyd de fight-or-flight response.[1][4][5] Dese symptoms dey last for more dan a month after de event den fi include triggers such as misophonia.[1] Young kiddies be less likely to show distress, buh instead fi express dema memories thru play.[1][6]

Chaw people wey dey experience traumatic events no dey develop PTSD.[7] People wey dey experience interpersonal violence such as rape, oda sexual assaults, being kidnapped, stalking, physical abuse by an intimate partner, den childhood abuse be more likely to develop PTSD dan those wey dey experience non-assault based trauma, such as accidents den natural disasters.[8][9][10] Insyd de United States, about 3.5% of adults get PTSD insyd a given year, den 9% of people develop am at sam point insyd dema lives.[1] In much of de rest of de world, rates during a given year be between 0.5% den 1%.[1] Higher rates fi occur insyd regions of armed conflict.[7] E be more common insyd women dan men.[11]

Na a recent systematic review den meta-analysis report say de pooled prevalence rates for ICD-11 PTSD den complex PTSD be 2% den 4%, respectively, among adults insyd non-war-exposed/economically developed countries/regions; dem increase to 6% den 15%, respectively, insyd war-exposed/less economically developed countries/regions.[12]

Prevention fi be possible wen na dem target counselling at those plus early symptoms, buh e no be effective wen dem provide to all trauma-exposed individuals regardless of whether symptoms be present.[7] De main treatments for people plus PTSD be counselling (psychotherapy) den medication.[4][13] Chaw combination therapy (psychotherapy den pharmacotherapy) no dey seem to be more effective dan psychotherapy alone,[7][14] except for MDMA-assisted psychotherapy.[15] Benefits from medication be less dan those dem see plus counselling.[7] Antidepressants of de SSRI anaa SNRI type be de first-line medications dem use for PTSD wey be moderately beneficial for about half of people.[16] Medications, oda dan sam SSRIs anaa SNRIs, no get enough evidence to support dema use den, insyd de case of benzodiazepines, fi worsen outcomes.[17][18]

Na dem document symptoms of trauma-related mental disorders since at least de time of de ancient Greeks.[19] Na dem argue a few instances of evidence of post-traumatic illness to exist from de seventeenth den eighteenth centuries, such as de diary of Samuel Pepys, wey dem describe intrusive den distressing symptoms following de 1666 Fire of London.[20] During de world wars, na dem know de condition under various terms, wey dey include "shell shock", "war nerves", neurasthenia den 'combat neurosis'.[21][22] De term "post-traumatic stress disorder" cam into use insyd de 1970s, in large part secof de diagnoses of U.S. military veterans of de Vietnam War.[23] Na dem officially recognize am by de American Psychiatric Association insyd 1980 insyd de third edition of de Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III).[24]

References

[edit | edit source]
  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing. pp. 271–80. ISBN 978-0-89042-555-8.
  2. ↑ "Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) – Symptoms and causes". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 2019-10-08.
  3. ↑ Wild, Jennifer; Duffy, Michael; Ehlers, Anke (2023). "Moving forward with the loss of a loved one: treating PTSD following traumatic bereavement with cognitive therapy". Cognitive Behaviour Therapist. 16 e12. doi:10.1017/S1754470X23000041. ISSN 1754-470X. PMC 10160000. PMID 37159811.
  4. 1 2 "Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder". National Institute of Mental Health. February 2016. Archived from the original on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 10 March 2016.
  5. ↑ Forman-Hoffman, Valerie; Cook Middleton, Jennifer; Feltner, Cynthia; Gaynes, Bradley N.; Palmieri Weber, Rachel; Bann, Carla; Viswanathan, Meera; Lohr, Kathleen N.; Baker, Claire (2018-05-17). Psychological and Pharmacological Treatments for Adults With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Systematic Review Update (Report) (in English). Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). doi:10.23970/ahrqepccer207. PMID 30204376. Archived from the original on 10 July 2018. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
  6. ↑ "VA.gov | Veterans Affairs". www.ptsd.va.gov (in English). Retrieved 2025-07-30.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 Bisson JI, Cosgrove S, Lewis C, Robert NP (November 2015). "Post-traumatic stress disorder". BMJ. 351 h6161. doi:10.1136/bmj.h6161. PMC 4663500. PMID 26611143.
  8. ↑ Zoladz PR, Diamond DM (June 2013). "Current status on behavioral and biological markers of PTSD: a search for clarity in a conflicting literature". Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 37 (5): 860–895. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.03.024. PMID 23567521. S2CID 14440116.
  9. ↑ Kessler RC, Aguilar-Gaxiola S, Alonso J, Benjet C, Bromet EJ, Cardoso G, Degenhardt L, de Girolamo G, Dinolova RV, Ferry F, Florescu S, Gureje O, Haro JM, Huang Y, Karam EG, Kawakami N, Lee S, Lepine JP, Levinson D, Navarro-Mateu F, Pennell BE, Piazza M, Posada-Villa J, Scott KM, Stein DJ, Ten Have M, Torres Y, Viana MC, Petukhova MV, Sampson NA, Zaslavsky AM, Koenen KC (2017-10-27). "Trauma and PTSD in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys". European Journal of Psychotraumatology. 8 (sup5) 1353383. doi:10.1080/20008198.2017.1353383. PMC 5632781. PMID 29075426. As detailed in another recent WMH report, conditional risk of PTSD after trauma exposure is 4.0%, but varies significantly by trauma type. The highest conditional risk is associated with being raped (19.0%), physical abuse by a romantic partner (11.7%), being kidnapped (11.0%), and being sexually assaulted other than rape (10.5%). In terms of broader categories, the traumas associated with the highest PTSD risk are those involving intimate partner or sexual violence (11.4%), and other traumas (9.2%), with aggregate conditional risk much lower in the other broad trauma categories (2.0–5.4%) [citations omitted; emphasis added].
  10. ↑ Darves-Bornoz JM, Alonso J, de Girolamo G, de Graaf R, Haro JM, Kovess-Masfety V, Lepine JP, Nachbaur G, Negre-Pages L, Vilagut G, Gasquet I (October 2008). "Main traumatic events in Europe: PTSD in the European study of the epidemiology of mental disorders survey". Journal of Traumatic Stress. 21 (5): 455–462. doi:10.1002/jts.20357. PMID 18956444. In univariate analyses adjusted on gender, six events were found to be the most significantly associated with PTSD ( p < .001) among individuals exposed to at least one event. They were being raped (OR = 8.9), being beaten up by spouse or romantic partner (OR = 7.3), experiencing an undisclosed private event (OR = 5.5), having a child with serious illness (OR = 5.1), being beaten up by a caregiver (OR = 4.5), or being stalked (OR = 4.2)" [OR = odds ratio].
  11. ↑ "Post-traumatic stress disorder". www.who.int (in English). Retrieved 2025-07-30.
  12. ↑ Fung, H.W. (2025). "Prevalence of ICD-11 post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD in the general populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Asian Journal of Psychiatry. 110 104610. doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2025.104610.
  13. ↑ Haagen JF, Smid GE, Knipscheer JW, Kleber RJ (August 2015). "The efficacy of recommended treatments for veterans with PTSD: A metaregression analysis". Clinical Psychology Review. 40: 184–94. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2015.06.008. hdl:1874/330054. PMID 26164548.
  14. ↑ Hetrick SE, Purcell R, Garner B, Parslow R (July 2010). "Combined pharmacotherapy and psychological therapies for post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)" (PDF). The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (7) CD007316. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007316.pub2. PMID 20614457.
  15. ↑ Hoskins, Mathew D; Sinnerton, Robert; Nakamura, Anna; Underwood, Jack F G; Slater, Alan; Lewis, Catrin; Roberts, Neil P; Bisson, Jonathan I; Lee, Matthew; Clarke, Liam (15 January 2021). "Pharmacological-assisted Psychotherapy for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Eur J Psychotraumatol. 12 (1) 1853379. doi:10.1080/20008198.2020.1853379. PMC 7874936. PMID 33680344.
  16. ↑ Berger W, Mendlowicz MV, Marques-Portella C, Kinrys G, Fontenelle LF, Marmar CR, Figueira I (March 2009). "Pharmacologic alternatives to antidepressants in posttraumatic stress disorder: a systematic review". Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 33 (2): 169–80. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2008.12.004. PMC 2720612. PMID 19141307.
  17. ↑ Guina J, Rossetter SR, DeRHODES BJ, Nahhas RW, Welton RS (July 2015). "Benzodiazepines for PTSD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Journal of Psychiatric Practice. 21 (4): 281–303. doi:10.1097/pra.0000000000000091. PMID 26164054. S2CID 24968844.
  18. ↑ Hoskins M, Pearce J, Bethell A, Dankova L, Barbui C, Tol WA, van Ommeren M, de Jong J, Seedat S, Chen H, Bisson JI (February 2015). "Pharmacotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis". The British Journal of Psychiatry. 206 (2): 93–100. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.114.148551. PMID 25644881. Some drugs have a small positive impact on PTSD symptoms
  19. ↑ Carlstedt R (2009). Handbook of Integrative Clinical Psychology, Psychiatry, and Behavioral Medicine Perspectives, Practices, and Research. New York: Springer Pub. Co. p. 353. ISBN 978-0-8261-1095-4 – via Google Books.
  20. ↑ O'Brien S (1998). Traumatic Events and Mental Health. Cambridge University Press. p. 7.
  21. ↑ Herman J (2015). Trauma and Recovery: The Aftermath of Violence – From Domestic Abuse to Political Terror. Basic Books. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-465-09873-6 – via Google Books.
  22. ↑ Waters, John (4 June 2015). "After War: A Conversation with Author Nancy Sherman | RealClearDefense". www.realcleardefense.com. Retrieved 2025-12-22.
  23. ↑ Klykylo WM (2012). "15". Clinical child psychiatry (3 ed.). Chichester, West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-119-96770-5 – via Google Books.
  24. ↑ Friedman MJ (October 2013). "Finalizing PTSD in DSM-5: getting here from there and where to go next". Journal of Traumatic Stress. 26 (5): 548–56. doi:10.1002/jts.21840. PMID 24151001.
[edit | edit source]
Dem retrieve am from "https://gpe.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Post-traumatic_stress_disorder&oldid=83038"