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Premenstrual dysphoric disorder

From Wikipedia
premenstrual dysphoric disorder
mental disorder, female reproductive system disease
Subclass ofpremenstrual syndrome, dysphoria Edit
Facet givewomen's health Edit
Has causeno value Edit
Health specialtygynaecology, clinical psychology, psychiatry Edit
Symptoms and signsdysphoria, cognitive dysfunction Edit
Possible treatmentcombined oral contraceptive pill, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue, cognitive behavioral therapy, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor Edit
ICPC 2 IDP76 Edit

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) be a mood disorder wey emotional, cognitive, den physical symptoms characterize. PMDD fi cause significant distress den impairment during de luteal phase of de menstrual cycle (between ovulation den menstruation). Symptoms typically dey improve within a few days after de onset of menses, wey be minimal anaa absent insyd de week after menses.[1] PMDD get a profound impact on an individual ein quality of life den dramatically dey increase de risk of suicidal ideation den even suicide attempts.[2][3] Chaw women dey experience discomfort anaa mild mood changes before menstruation, buh 5–8% dey experience severe premenstrual syndrome (PMS), wey dey cause significant distress anaa functional impairment.[4] Within dis group, sam go meet de criteria for PMDD.[5]

PMDD ein exact cause be unknown. Ovarian hormone levels during de menstrual cycle no dey differ between those plus PMDD den de general population.[6] Buh secof symptoms be present only during ovulatory cycles den resolve after menstruation, e be believed to be caused by fluctuations insyd gonadal sex hormones anaa variations insyd sensitivity to sex hormones.[7]

Insyd 2017, National Institutes of Health researchers discover say women plus PMDD get genetic changes wey make dema emotional regulatory pathways more sensitive to estrogen den progesterone, as well as dema chemical derivatives. De researchers believe dis increased sensitivity fi cause PMDD symptoms.[8]

PMDD be added to de list of depressive disorders insyd de Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders insyd 2013.[1] E get 11 main symptoms, of wich five for be present for a PMDD diagnosis.[9] Roughly 20% of females get sam PMDD symptoms, buh either get fewer dan five anaa dem no get functional impairment.[10]

De first-line treatment for PMDD be plus selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), wich fi be administered continuously thru out de menstrual cycle anaa intermittently, plus treatment only during de symptomatic phase (approximately 14 days per cycle).[11] Hormonal therapy plus oral contraceptives wey contain drospirenone sanso demonstrate efficiency insyd reducing PMDD symptoms.[12] Cognitive behavioral therapy, whether in combination plus SSRIs anaa alone, show to be effective insyd reducing impairment.[13] Dietary modifications den exercise sanso fi be helpful, buh studies wey dey investigate dese treatments no demonstrated efficacy insyd reducing PMDD symptoms.[11]

References

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  1. 1 2 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association. 2013. p. 625.4. Code: 625.4 (N94.3)
  2. ↑ Prasad, Divya; Wollenhaupt-Aguiar, Bianca; Kidd, Katrina N.; de Azevedo Cardoso, Taiane; Frey, Benicio N. (December 2021). "Suicidal Risk in Women with Premenstrual Syndrome and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Journal of Women's Health. 30 (12): 1693–1707. doi:10.1089/jwh.2021.0185. ISSN 1931-843X. PMC 8721500. PMID 34415776.
  3. ↑ Hodgetts, Sophie; Kinghorn, Aaron (2025-04-23). "Examining the impact of premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) on life and relationship quality: An online cross-sectional survey study". PLOS ONE. 20 (4): 13-14. Bibcode:2025PLoSO..2022314H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0322314. PMC 12017513. PMID 40267093.
  4. ↑ Yonkers KA, O'Brien PM, Eriksson E (April 2008). "Premenstrual syndrome". Lancet. 371 (9619): 1200–10. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60527-9. PMC 3118460. PMID 18395582.
  5. ↑ "Premenstrual dysphoric disorder: Different from PMS?". Mayo Clinic. 2024.
  6. ↑ Hofmeister, Sabrina; Bodden, Seth (2016-08-01). "Premenstrual Syndrome and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder". American Family Physician. 94 (3): 236–240. ISSN 1532-0650. PMID 27479626.
  7. ↑ Pearlstein T (April 2016). "Treatment of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder: Therapeutic Challenges". Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology. 9 (4): 493–496. doi:10.1586/17512433.2016.1142371. PMID 26766596. S2CID 12172042.
  8. ↑ Dubey N, Hoffman JF, Schuebel K, Yuan Q, Martinez PE, Nieman LK, et al. (August 2017). "The ESC/E(Z) complex, an effector of response to ovarian steroids, manifests an intrinsic difference in cells from women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder". Molecular Psychiatry. 22 (8): 1172–1184. doi:10.1038/mp.2016.229. PMC 5495630. PMID 28044059.
  9. ↑ Pearlstein T (April 2016). "Treatment of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder: Therapeutic Challenges". Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology. 9 (4): 493–496. doi:10.1586/17512433.2016.1142371. PMID 26766596. S2CID 12172042.
  10. ↑ Steiner M, Macdougall M, Brown E (August 2003). "The premenstrual symptoms screening tool (PSST) for clinicians". Archives of Women's Mental Health. 6 (3): 203–9. doi:10.1007/s00737-003-0018-4. PMID 12920618. S2CID 24822881.
  11. 1 2 Rapkin AJ, Lewis EI (November 2013). "Treatment of premenstrual dysphoric disorder". Women's Health. 9 (6): 537–56. doi:10.2217/whe.13.62. PMID 24161307. S2CID 45517684.
  12. ↑ Lopez, Laureen M.; Kaptein, Ad A.; Helmerhorst, Frans M. (2009-04-15). Lopez, Laureen M (ed.). "Oral contraceptives containing drospirenone for premenstrual syndrome". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2) CD006586. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006586.pub3. ISSN 1469-493X. PMID 19370644.
  13. ↑ Kleinstäuber M, Witthöft M, Hiller W (September 2012). "Cognitive-behavioral and pharmacological interventions for premenstrual syndrome or premenstrual dysphoric disorder: a meta-analysis". Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings. 19 (3): 308–19. doi:10.1007/s10880-012-9299-y. PMID 22426857. S2CID 28720541.

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