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Propranolol

From Wikipedia
propranolol
group of stereoisomers
Subclass ofphenol ether, secondary alcohol, secondary amine Edit
Chemical formulaC₁₆H₂₁NO₂ Edit
Canonical SMILESCC(C)NCC(COC1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21)O Edit
Active ingredient inInderal, InnoPran, Hemangeol Edit
World Health Organisation international non-proprietary namepropranolol Edit
Found insyd taxonAsimina triloba Edit
Side effectbradycardia, sleep disorder, asthma, fatigue, Vivid dream Edit
Physically dey interact plusadrenoceptor beta 2, Adrenergic receptor, beta 3, adrenoceptor beta 3 Edit
Route of administrationoral administration, intravenous administration Edit
Legal status (medicine)boxed warning Edit
Pregnancy categoryAustralian pregnancy category C, US pregnancy category C Edit
LiverTox likelihood scoreLiverTox toxicity likelihood category E Edit
Get characteristicbitterness Edit
Subject has rolebeta blocker, antiarrhythmic agent, antihypertensive drug, vasodilator agent, essential medicine Edit

Propranolol be a medication of de beta blocker class.[1][2][3] E be used to treat high blood pressure, sam types of irregular heart rate, thyrotoxicosis, capillary hemangiomas, akathisia, performance anxiety, den essential tremors, [2][4][5][6] as well as to prevent migraine headaches, den to prevent further heart problems insyd those plus angina anaa previous heart attacks.[2] Dem fi take am orally, rectally, anaa by intravenous injection.[2][7] De formulation wey dem dey take orally dey cam in short-acting den long-acting versions.[2] Propranolol dey appear insyd de blood after 30 minutes wey e get a maximum effect between 60 den 90 minutes wen dem take am orally.[2][8]

Common side effects dey include nausea, abdominal pain, den constipation.[2] E fi worsen de symptoms of asthma.[2] Propranolol fi cause harmful effects for de baby if dem take am during pregnancy;[9] however, ein use during breastfeeding generally be considered to be safe.[10] E be a non-selective beta blocker wich dey work by blocking β-adrenergic receptors.[2]

Na dem patent propranolol insyd 1962 wey na dem approve am for medical use insyd 1964.[11] E dey on de World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[12] Propranolol be available as a generic medication.[2] Insyd 2023, na e be de 69th most commonly prescribed medication insyd de United States, plus more dan 9 million prescriptions.[13][14]

References

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  1. ↑ Srinivasan AV (2019). "Propranolol: A 50-Year Historical Perspective". Ann Indian Acad Neurol. 22 (1): 21–26. doi:10.4103/aian.AIAN_201_18. PMC 6327687. PMID 30692755.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "Propranolol hydrochloride". Monograph. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 1 January 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  3. ↑ "Inderal (propranolol hydrochloride) Tablets" (PDF). www.accessdata.fda.gov.
  4. ↑ Davidson JR (2006). "Pharmacotherapy of social anxiety disorder: what does the evidence tell us?". The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 67 (Suppl 12): 20–26. doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2005.07.002. PMID 17092192.
  5. ↑ Chinnadurai S, Fonnesbeck C, Snyder KM, Sathe NA, Morad A, Likis FE, McPheeters ML (February 2016). "Pharmacologic Interventions for Infantile Hemangioma: A Meta-analysis" (PDF). Pediatrics. 137 (2) e20153896. doi:10.1542/peds.2015-3896. PMID 26772662. S2CID 30459652.
  6. ↑ Blaisdell, G. D. (July 1994). "Akathisia: A Comprehensive Review and Treatment Summary". Pharmacopsychiatry (in English). 27 (4): 139–146. doi:10.1055/s-2007-1014294. ISSN 0176-3679. PMID 7972345.
  7. ↑ Kalam MN, Rasool MF, Rehman AU, Ahmed N (2020). "Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Propranolol Hydrochloride: A Review". Curr Drug Metab. 21 (2): 89–105. doi:10.2174/1389200221666200414094644. PMID 32286940.
  8. ↑ Bryson PD (1997). Comprehensive review in toxicology for emergency clinicians (3 ed.). Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis. p. 167. ISBN 978-1-56032-612-0. Archived from the original on 24 March 2017.
  9. ↑ "Prescribing medicines in pregnancy database". Australian Government. 3 March 2014. Archived from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
  10. ↑ Briggs GG, Freeman RK, Yaffe SJ (2011). Drugs in pregnancy and lactation: a reference guide to fetal and neonatal risk (9th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 1226. ISBN 978-1-60831-708-0. Archived from the original on 14 February 2017.
  11. ↑ Fischer J, Ganellin CR (2006). Analogue-based Drug Discovery. John Wiley & Sons. p. 460. ISBN 978-3-527-60749-5.
  12. ↑ World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
  13. ↑ "Top 300 of 2023". ClinCalc. Archived from the original on 12 August 2025. Retrieved 12 August 2025.
  14. ↑ "Propranolol Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2013 - 2023". ClinCalc. Retrieved 18 August 2025.

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