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Pulmonary embolism

From Wikipedia
pulmonary embolism
class of disease
Subclass ofpulmonary artery disease, disease Edit
Health specialtycardiology, hematology, pulmonology Edit
Symptoms and signsHampton hump, Westermark sign Edit
ICD-9-CM415.19 Edit
ICPC 2 IDK93 Edit
NCI Thesaurus IDC50713 Edit

Pulmonary embolism (PE) be a blockage of an artery insyd de lungs by a substance wey move from elsewer insyd de body thru de bloodstream (embolism).[1] Symptoms of a PE fi include shortness of breath, chest pain particularly upon breathing in, den coughing up blood.[2] Symptoms of a blood clot insyd de leg sanso fi be present, such as a red, warm, swollen, den painful leg.[2] Signs of a PE dey include low blood oxygen levels, rapid breathing, rapid heart rate, den sam times a mild fever.[3] Severe cases fi lead to passing out, abnormally low blood pressure, obstructive shock, den sudden death.[4]

PE usually dey result from a blood clot insyd de leg wey travel to de lung.[1] De risk of blood clots be increased by advanced age, cancer, prolonged bed rest den immobilization, smoking, stroke, long-haul travel over 4 hours, certain genetic conditions, estrogen-based medication, pregnancy, obesity, trauma anaa bone fracture, den after sam types of surgery.[5][6] A small proportion of cases be secof de embolization of air, fat, anaa amniotic fluid.[7][8] Diagnosis be based on signs den symptoms in combination plus test results.[9] If de risk be low, a blood test dem know as a D-dimer fi rule out de condition.[9] Oda wise, a CT pulmonary angiography, lung ventilation/perfusion scan, anaa ultrasound of de legs fi confirm de diagnosis.[9] Togeda, deep vein thrombosis den PE be known as venous thromboembolism (VTE).[10]

Efforts to prevent PE dey include beginning to move as soon as possible after surgery, lower leg exercises during periods of sitting, den de use of blood thinners after sam types of surgery.[11] Treatment be plus anticoagulant medications such as heparin, warfarin, anaa one of de direct-acting oral anticoagulants (DOACs).[12] Dem dey recommend dese to be taken for at least three months.[12] However, treatment dey use low-molecular-weight heparin no be recommended for those at high risk of bleeding anaa those plus renal failure.[13] Severe cases fi require thrombolysis using medication such as tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) given intravenously anaa thru a catheter, wey sam fi require surgery (a pulmonary thrombectomy).[14] If blood thinners no be appropriate anaa safe to use, a temporary vena cava filter fi be used.[14]

Pulmonary emboli dey affect about 430,000 people each year insyd Europe.[15] Insyd de United States, between 300,000 den 600,000 cases dey occur each year,[1][16] wich dey contribute to at least 40,000 deaths.[17] Rates be similar insyd males den females.[18] Dem cam be more common as people get older.[18]

References

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  1. 1 2 3 "What Is Pulmonary Embolism?". NHLBI. July 1, 2011. Archived from the original on 12 March 2016. Retrieved 12 March 2016.
  2. 1 2 "What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Pulmonary Embolism?". NHLBI. July 1, 2011. Archived from the original on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 12 March 2016.
  3. ↑ Tintinalli JE (2010). Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide (Emergency Medicine (Tintinalli)) (7 ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Companies. p. 432. ISBN 978-0-07-148480-0.
  4. ↑ Goldhaber SZ (2005). "Pulmonary thromboembolism". In Kasper DL, Braunwald E, Fauci AS, et al. (eds.). Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine (16th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 1561–65. ISBN 978-0-07-139140-5.
  5. ↑ "Who Is at Risk for Pulmonary Embolism?". NHLBI. July 1, 2011. Archived from the original on 15 February 2016. Retrieved 12 March 2016.
  6. ↑ Di Nisio, Marcello; Van Es, Nick; Büller, Harry R. (30 June 2016). "Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism". The Lancet. 388 (10063): 3060–3073. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30514-1. PMID 27375038. S2CID 25712161. Retrieved 18 November 2022.
  7. ↑ "What Causes Pulmonary Embolism?". NHLBI. July 1, 2011. Archived from the original on 7 April 2016. Retrieved 12 March 2016.
  8. ↑ Pantaleo G, Luigi N, Federica T, Paola S, Margherita N, Tahir M (2014). "Amniotic fluid embolism: review". Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology. 14 (14): 1163–67. doi:10.2174/1389201015666140430161404. PMID 24804726.
  9. 1 2 3 "How Is Pulmonary Embolism Diagnosed?". NHLBI. July 1, 2011. Archived from the original on 7 April 2016. Retrieved 12 March 2016.
  10. ↑ "What Causes Pulmonary Embolism?". NHLBI. July 1, 2011. Archived from the original on 7 April 2016. Retrieved 12 March 2016.
  11. ↑ "How Can Pulmonary Embolism Be Prevented?". NHLBI. July 1, 2011. Archived from the original on 7 April 2016. Retrieved 12 March 2016.
  12. 1 2 Kearon C, Akl EA, Ornelas J, Blaivas A, Jimenez D, Bounameaux H, et al. (February 2016). "Antithrombotic Therapy for VTE Disease: CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel Report". Chest. 149 (2): 315–52. doi:10.1016/j.chest.2015.11.026. PMID 26867832.
  13. ↑ Tarbox, Abigail K; Swaroop, Mamta (2013). "Pulmonary Embolism". International Journal of Critical Illness and Injury Science. 3 (1): 69–72. doi:10.4103/2229-5151.109427. PMC 3665123. PMID 23724389.
  14. 1 2 "How Is Pulmonary Embolism Treated?". NHLBI. July 1, 2011. Archived from the original on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 12 March 2016.
  15. ↑ Raskob GE, Angchaisuksiri P, Blanco AN, Buller H, Gallus A, Hunt BJ, et al. (November 2014). "Thrombosis: a major contributor to global disease burden". Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 34 (11): 2363–71. doi:10.1161/atvbaha.114.304488. PMID 25304324.
  16. ↑ Rahimtoola A, Bergin JD (February 2005). "Acute pulmonary embolism: an update on diagnosis and management". Current Problems in Cardiology. 30 (2): 61–114. doi:10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2004.06.001. PMID 15650680.
  17. ↑ Barco S, Valerio L, Ageno W, Cohen AT, Goldhaber SZ, Hunt BJ, et al. (October 2020). "Age-sex specific pulmonary embolism-related mortality in the USA and Canada, 2000–18: an analysis of the WHO Mortality Database and of the CDC Multiple Cause of Death database". The Lancet. Respiratory Medicine. 9 (1): 33–42. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30417-3. PMC 7550106. PMID 33058771.
  18. 1 2 "Who Is at Risk for Pulmonary Embolism?". NHLBI. July 1, 2011. Archived from the original on 15 February 2016. Retrieved 12 March 2016.
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