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Quinine

From Wikipedia
quinine
type of chemical entity
Subclass ofCinchonan-9-ol, 6'-methoxy-, (8alpha,9R)-, quinidine, epiquinine Edit
Get useMedication Edit
Stylized namequiNINE Edit
Stereoisomer ofepiquinidine Edit
Chemical formulaC₂₀H₂₄N₂O₂ Edit
Canonical SMILESCOC1=CC2=C(C=CN=C2C=C1)C(C3CC4CCN3CC4C=C)O Edit
Isomeric SMILESCOC1=CC2=C(C=CN=C2C=C1)[C@H]([C@@H]3C[C@@H]4CCN3C[C@@H]4C=C)O Edit
Active ingredient inQualaquin Edit
Medical condition treatedBabesiosis, muscle cramp, Plasmodium falciparum malaria Edit
Physically dey interact plusPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily B member 2, Solute carrier family 29 member 4, taste receptor type 2 Edit
Legal status (medicine)boxed warning Edit
Pregnancy categoryAustralian pregnancy category D, US pregnancy category C Edit
LiverTox likelihood scoreLiverTox toxicity likelihood category B Edit
Natural product of taxonCinchona Edit
Get characteristicbitterness Edit

Quinine be a medication dem use to treat malaria den babesiosis.[1] Dis dey include de treatment of malaria secof Plasmodium falciparum wey be resistant to chloroquine wen artesunate no be available.[1][2] While dem sam times use am give nocturnal leg cramps, quinine no be recommended for dis purpose secof de risk of serious side effects.[1] Dem fi be take am by mouth anaa intravenously.[1] Malaria resistance to quinine dey occur insyd certain areas of de world.[3] Quinine sanso be used as an ingredient insyd tonic water den oda beverages to impart a bitter taste.[4]

Common side effects dey include headache, ringing insyd de ears, vision issues, den sweating.[1] More severe side effects dey include deafness, low blood platelets, den an irregular heartbeat.[1] Ein use fi make one more prone to sunburn.[1] While e be unclear if ein use during pregnancy dey carry potential for fetal harm, treating malaria during pregnancy .plus quinine wen appropriate still be recommended.[1] Quinine be an alkaloid, a naturally occurring chemical compound. E dey possess a C9H7N quinoline functional group (pyridine dem fuse to benzene).[1]

Quinine be first isolated insyd 1820 from de bark of a cinchona tree, wich be native to Peru,[1][5][6] den ein molecular formula be determined by Adolph Strecker insyd 1854.[7] De class of chemical compounds to wich e dey belong be thus called de cinchona alkaloids. Na bark extracts be used to treat malaria since at least 1632 wey e be introduced to Spain as early as 1636 by Jesuit missionaries wey dey return from de New World.[8] E dey on de World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[9] Treatment of malaria plus quinine dey mark de first known use of a chemical compound to treat an infectious disease.[10]

References

[edit | edit source]
  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "Quinine sulfate". Drugs.com. 20 February 2020. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
  2. ↑ Esu EB, Effa EE, Opie ON, Meremikwu MM (June 2019). "Artemether for severe malaria". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 6 (6) CD010678. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010678.pub3. PMC 6580442. PMID 31210357.
  3. ↑ Foley M, Tilley L (February 1997). "Quinoline antimalarials: mechanisms of action and resistance". International Journal for Parasitology. 27 (2): 231–240. doi:10.1016/s0020-7519(96)00152-x. PMID 9088993.
  4. ↑ Olmsted J, Williams GM (1997). Chemistry: The Molecular Science. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 137. ISBN 978-0-815-18450-8. Archived from the original on 15 September 2016.
  5. ↑ Willcox M (28 June 2004). Traditional Medicinal Plants and Malaria. CRC Press. p. 231. ISBN 978-0-203-50232-7.
  6. ↑ Cechinel-Filho V (2012). Plant bioactives and drug discovery: principles, practice, and perspectives. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-470-58226-8. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.
  7. ↑ Strecker A (1854). "Untersuchungen über die Constitution des Chinins". Liebigs Ann. Chem. 91 (2): 155–170. doi:10.1002/jlac.18540910204.
  8. ↑ Staines HM, Krishna S (2011). Treatment and Prevention of Malaria: Antimalarial Drug Chemistry, Action and Use. [S.l.]: Springer Verlag. p. 45. ISBN 978-3-0346-0479-6.
  9. ↑ The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023). Geneva: World Health Organization. 2023. hdl:10665/371090. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02.
  10. ↑ "Quinine". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
[edit | edit source]
  • Quinine at the Drug Information Portal - U.S. National Library of Medicine
  • Quinine at the International Programme on Chemical Safety
  • "Quinine". Resource Center. Chemwatch.
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