Rashidun

Rashidun

historical position

Subclass of	caliph
Part of	companions of the Prophet
Organization directed by the office or position	Rashidun Caliphate
Country	Rashidun Caliphate
Stack Exchange tag	https://islam.stackexchange.com/tags/rashidi-caliphs

Ottoman miniature paintings wey dey depict Muhammad (center) den de Rashidun caliphs (anticlockwise) Abu Bakr, Umar, Ali, den Uthman, c. 16th century

De Rashidun (Arabic: الراشدون, romanized: al-Rāshidūn, lit. 'the rightly-guided') be de first four caliphs (lit. 'successors') wey lead de Muslim community dey follow de death of Muhammad: Abu Bakr (r. 632–634), Umar (r. 634–644), Uthman (r. 644–656), den Ali (r. 656–661).

De reign of dese caliphs, dem call de Rashidun Caliphate (632–661), be considered insyd Sunni Islam to be 'rightly guided' (Arabic: rāshid), wey dey mean say e dey constitute a model (Sunnah) to be followed den emulated from a religious point of view.

History

De first four caliphs wey succeed Muhammad be known as de Rashidun (rightly-guided) Caliphs.

1. Abd Allah ibn Abi Quhafa (c. 573–634; r. 632–634) – dem often know simply as Abu Bakr
2. Umar ibn al-Khattab (c. 583–644; r. 634–644) – dem often know simply as Umar anaa Omar
3. Uthman ibn Affan (c. 573–656; r. 644–656) – dem often know simply as Uthman, Othman, anaa Osman
4. Ali ibn Abi Talib (c. 600–661; r. 656–661) – dem often know simply as Ali

De succession to Muhammad be de central issue wey dey divide de Muslim community. Sunni Islam, according to de author Carl Ernst, dey accept de political status quo of dema succession, regardless of ein justice, whereas Shia Muslims largely dey reject de legitimacy of de first three caliphs, den maintain say Muhammad appoint Ali as ein successor.

Military expansion

De Rashidun Caliphate greatly expand Islam beyond Arabia, wey dem conquer all of Persia, Syria (637), Armenia (639), Egypt (639) den Cyprus (654).

Social policies

During ein reign, Abu Bakr establish de Bayt al-Mal (state treasury). Umar expand de treasury wey he establish a government building to administer de state finances.

Upon conquest, insyd almost all cases, de caliphs be burdened plus de maintenance den construction of roads den bridges in return for de conquered nation ein political loyalty.

Civil activities

Civil welfare insyd Islam start insyd de form of de construction den purchase of wells. During de caliphate, de Muslims repair chaw of de aging wells insyd de lands dem conquer.

Settlements

Islamic coin, time of de Rashidun. Imitation of Sasanid Empire ruler Khosrau II type. BYS (Bishapur) mint. Dem date YE 25 = AH 36 (AD 656). Sasanian style bust wey dey imitate Khosrau II right; bismillah insyd margin/ Fire altar plus ribbons den attendants; star den crescent flanking flames; date to left, mint name to right.

De area of Basra be very sparsely populated wen e be conquered by de Muslims. During de reign of Umar, de Muslim army find am a suitable place to construct a base. Later dem settle de area wey dem erect a mosque.

Upon de conquest of Madyan, e be settled by Muslims. However, soon de environment be considered harsh, wey Umar order de resettlement of de 40,000 settlers to Kufa. Dem construct de new buildings from mud bricks instead of reeds, a material wey be popular insyd de region, buh catch fire easily.

Oda already populated areas greatly be expanded. At Mosul, Arfaja al-Bariqi, at de command of Umar, dem construct a fort, a few churches, a mosque den a locality give de Jewish population.

External links

• Rashidun - Encyclopaedia Britannica