Jump to content

Reparations for slavery

From Wikipedia
Reparations for slavery
Subclass ofreparations Edit
Facet giveSlavery Edit
Has causehistorical debt Edit

Reparations for slavery be reparations for victims of slavery. Reparations fi take chaw forms, wey dey include financial compensation, legal remedy of damages, public apology den guarantees of non-repetition. Victims of slavery fi refer to historical slavery anaa ongoing slavery insyd de 21st century. Sam reparations for slavery date back to de 18th century.

United Nations resolution

[edit | edit source]

United Nations General Assembly Resolution 60/147 dey refer to measures to repair violations of human rights wey dey include restitution den compensation.[1]

Types

[edit | edit source]

Reparations fi take chaw forms, wey dey include practical measures such as individual monetary payments; settlements; scholarships den oda educational schemes; systemic initiatives to offset injustices; anaa land-based compensation wey relate to independence. Oda types of reparations dey include apologies den acknowledgements of de injustices;[2] de removal of monuments den renaming of streets wey dey honour enslavers den defenders of slavery; anaa naming a building after an enslaved person anaa someone wey be connected plus abolition.[3][4] Development aid be generally no be counted as reparations.[5] Sam dey view financial reparations be insufficient, den dey demand as reparations for slavery opportunity to repatriate to country of origin before slavery den "dey bring an end to de current political den economic system".[5]

By region of perpetration

[edit | edit source]
Netherlands
[edit | edit source]

For December 2022, the prime minister wey dem dey call Mark Rutte from Netherlands come apologize for the Dutch Government about their role for slavery during one event for National Archives for The Hague, wey e get plenty people from different advocacy groups. Dem also talk say dem go give €200 million to help 'raise awareness, make people engage and face wetin slavery dey do now', and dem dey plan big event for 1 July 2023 to remember slavery history with Dutch Caribbean nations, Suriname, and other countries.[6] [7]

United Kingdom
[edit | edit source]

By 2010s, e be said examples of international reparations for slavery be say dem sabi say slavery wrong, and dem go apologize for the matter, but no money go come inside.[8][9] For June 2023, Brattle Group drop report for one event for University of the West Indies wey talk say dem estimate reparations for all di wahala during and after transatlantic chattel slavery go pass 100 trillion dollars.[10][11] For October 2023, UK Reparations Conference happen, dem issue joint declaration say full reparatory justice dey must be 'pursue and achieve'.[12][13]

Slave owners' compensation (1837)
[edit | edit source]

Di Slave Compensation Act 1837 na one law wey UK parliament sign on 23 December 1837, e be to make sure dem go free di slaves wey dem go pay dem some money.[14] Dem wey dey enslave people collect around £20 million as compensation for 40,000 awards wey dey for enslaved pipo wey dem free for Caribbean, Mauritius, and Cape of Good Hope.[15] Dis one be like 40 percent of di British Treasury yearly money wey dem dey chop, and e fit make am about £16.5bn for today level.[16] Some payments turn 3.5% government annuities, wey make the process dey long like dat.[17]

Abuja Proclamation and ARM (1993)
[edit | edit source]

Africa Reparations Movement, wey dem dey call ARM (UK), na im be formed for 1993 after dem declare Abuja Proclamation for First Pan-African Conference wey happen for Abuja, Nigeria, that same year. Di conference na Organisation of African Unity (OAU) and di Nigerian government organize am.[18]

For early 1993, British MP Bernie Grant waka go round di country dey talk say we need reparations for slavery matter.[19] For 10 May 1993, e bring motion come House of Commons wey talk say, make House welcome di proclamation and sabi say di proclamation dey "call make di international community recognize say di moral debt wey dem owe African people him never settle, and e dey urge all di countries wey profit from enslavement and colonization make dem check di matter for reparations wey dem suppose pay to Africa and Africans wey dey Diaspora; e recognize di palava wey still dey affect di economy and personal life of Africa and Africans for Diaspora and di racism wey come out from am; and e dey support di OAU as dem dey push hard to pursue di matter of reparations." Di motion na Bernie Grant, Tony Benn, Tony Banks, John Austin-Walker, Harry Barnes, and Gerry Bermingham dey sponsor am. Plus 46 Labour Party MPs don sign join support di motion, include di future opposition leader, Jeremy Corbyn.[20]

Abuja Proclamation dey call make dem set up national reparations committees everywhere for Africa and di diaspora. Bernie Grant form ARM UK for December 1993.[21]as di co-founda and chairperson, with im main pipo wey include: secretary Sam Walker; treasurer Linda Bellos and trustees Patrick Wilmott, Stephen A. Small (na British scholar wey sabi slavery[22][23]) and Hugh Oxley.[24]

ARM aimed:[25]

  • make we use all di legal waya we fit get back wetin we lose for slavery and colonization of Africa people for Africa and everywhere dem dey.
  • use all di correct ways to make sure say dem bring back African artefacts from anywhere dem dey now.
  • make we chop apology from western governments for how dem carry enslave and colonize African people.
  • make we push for people to sabi how African pipo dey contribute to world history and civilisation.
  • make we dey push for correct story of African history so we fit bring back respect and dignity to African pipo.
  • to teach and gree African youths, for the land and abroad, about di sweet African cultures, languages and our big big ways wey we live.

After Bernie Grant knack bucket for 2000, ARM UK no dey active again.[26]

Class action (2004)
[edit | edit source]

For 2004, dem lawyer wey dey carry wahala, Ed Fagan, start case against Lloyd's of London wey dey handle insurance for slave ships wey dey do transatlantic slave trade.[27] [28][29]The case no work at all.[30]

Apologies
[edit | edit source]

For 27 November 2006, British PM Tony Blair talk say him dey feel 'deep sorrow' for wetin Britain do for slave trade, e say na 'profoundly shameful' matter. Reparations activists for UK no gree rest, Esther Stanford talk say Blair suppose give 'real apology', wey go follow with 'plenty reparative measures wey include money compensation'.[31] Blair come chop another apology for 2007 after e meet Ghana's President John Kufuor.[32]

For 24 August 2007, di former Mayor of London, Ken Livingstone, talk say he sorry for how London take part for transatlantic slave trade during di event wey dem mark 200 years since dem pass di 1807 Slave Trade Act. For him speech, he urge di British Government make dem pass law wey go bring UK-wide Annual Slavery Memorial Day wey go remember di slavery.[33]

Heirs of Slavery
[edit | edit source]

For February 2023, former BBC journalist Laura Trevelyan wey her family get plantations for Grenada, go Grenada come apologize for the damage wey dem cause and also to give reparations. Her family don still apologize to di island nation for di harm wey slavery bring, and dem dey call British Prime Minister and King Charles make dem also apologize officially for di UK.[34]

For April 2023, she start Heirs of Slavery, na group wey get pikin dem wey profit from British transatlantic slavery and wan make amends. Trevelyan family don drop money for education matter for Grenada through CARICOM, dem dey hope say Heirs of Slavery go fit do same for bigger level. By May 2023, the other members of the group be David Lascelles, 8th Earl of Harewood; Charles Gladstone, wey be pikin of prime minister William Gladstone; journalist Alex Renton;[35] Richard Atkinson; John Dower (from Trevelyan family); Rosemary Harrison; and Robin Wedderburn.[36]

United States
[edit | edit source]

Slavery finish for United States for 1865 when American Civil War end and dem ratify Thirteenth Amendment to Constitution wey talk say, "No be slavery or involuntary servitude go dey, except as punishment for crime wey person don truly guilty, go fit dey inside United States or anywhere wey dem get control." [37]At that time, four million African Americans don free.[38] E get times wey dem don talk say make dem pay for slavery, from the Atlantic slave trade, wey don dey since 1783 for North America,[39] and now plenty people dey shout for payback for slavery for US as protest dey grow around police wahala and another type of racism matter.[40] Dem dey call for both pay for racism and for slavery too.[41][42]

U.S. reparations movement leaders don create dis racial repair framework wey go fit categorize wetin go happen for reparations for slavery: 1. Reckoning: Understand wetin happen, who do am, how e happen and why e happen. 2. Acknowledgment: Make public say harm don happen. 3. Accountability: Own up and promise say you go take action, stop di harm and make am better. 4. Redress: Dem go do restitution, give money and help people, plus take steps wey go bring racial justice come inside system and 'heal di wound'.

Support for reparations
[edit | edit source]

For politics matter, dem don propose bill wey go make dem pay reparations for slavery. Na the 'Commission to Study and Develop Reparation Proposals for African-Americans Act' be di name, wey di former Rep. John Conyers Jr. (D-MI) dey carry go Congress every year from 1989 till e resign for 2017.[43]As e name talk am, di bill sabi say make dem fit create one commission we go study di "impact of slavery on di social, political and economic life for we country";[44] but e get some cities and institutions wey don start reparations for di US (check § Legislation and other actions for di list).

For 1999, African-American lawyer wey dey fight for equality, Randall Robinson, wey start TransAfrica group, talk say America history of race wahala, lynching, and discrimination don cause $1.4 trillion loss for African Americans.[45]Economist Robert Browne talk say, di main aim of reparations be to "bring back di black community to di economic level e for dey if dem no suffer slavery and discrimination".[46] Him dey estimate say true compensation go be anywhere wey dey between $1.4 to $4.7 trillion, or about $142,000 (wey be like $188,000 for 2024) for every black American wey dey alive now.[47] Other estimates dey range from $5.7 to $14.2[48] and $17.1 trillion.[49]

For 2014, American journalist Ta-Nehisi Coates drop one article wey him title am "The Case for Reparations", wey talk say slavery and Jim Crow laws still dey affect people. Him dey shout for people to pay reparations again. Coates dey mention Rep. John Conyers Jr. H.R.40 Bill, and him point say Congress no fit pass this bill, e show say dem no dey ready to correct wetin dem don do wrong before.[50]

For September 2016, United Nations' Work Group wey dey check on People of African Descent tell Congress make dem pass H.R.40 to study how to fit do reparations. But, dem no gree support any specific reparations plan. Dem report show say racial inequality still dey affect America, and dem talk say "Even though plenty things don change since Jim Crow time and civil rights fight, that ideology wey dey make one group feel say dem get power over another still dey make life hard for African Americans today." The report con add say, "that wahala ideology wey dey cause systemic racism dey make people no fit live together well for the US."[51]

Di matter of reparations com back for 2020[52] as di Black Lives Matter movement talk say na one of dem policy wey dem wan pursue for United States.

For 2020, rapper T.I. dey behind reparations wey go give every African American US$1 million and e talk say slavery cause plenty people for jail, poverty and many other wahala.[53]

Caribbean
[edit | edit source]

Reparations talk really blow up for 2020 as Black Lives Matter group dey shout for am no be small for USA. When you look am from international law side, e be question if watin happen like slavery and genocide don sweet like sweet at di time wey dem do am for Caribbean; for example, 'Even though genocide don dey happen since ancient times, e be only early 20th century wey international law start to prohibit am.' Plus, as per wetin dem dey agree globally, any new government go still carry di tag of providing reparative justice.

With di international principle wey dey talk about intertemporal law, wetin we fit ban today no fit apply back. Some people even talk say, exceptions dey for intertemporal law when e come to crimes against humanity because European countries no fit expect slavery for future to dey legal (dem fit call am teleological reduction of di principle). But abeg, e be complex law matter we dey talk so.[54]

CARICOM Reparations Commission
[edit | edit source]

Di Caribbean Community (CARICOM), wey dem set up for 1973, na intergovernmental group wey be political and economic union of 15 member countries for di Caribbean.[55] E be only di English-speaking side wey join until 1995 when Suriname (Dutch) come enter; Haiti and some other non-Anglophone nations don follow join too.[56][57]

For 2013, when dem start one lecture series for Georgetown, Guyana, to mark 250 years since the 1763 Berbice Slave Revolt, the Principal for Cave Hill Campus of University of the West Indies, Sir Hilary Beckles, talk say make CARICOM countries follow wetin Jews do when dem dey face wahala during Second World War, and how dem don gather money for Jewish reparations fund.[58][59] E be after Beckles' advice, dem come create CARICOM Reparations Commission for September 2013. For 2014, 15 Caribbean nations come dey show the 'CARICOM Ten Point Plan for Reparatory Justice', wey talk about how dem wan collect reparations from Europe... for all the wahala wey Atlantic slave trade put people through.[60] Dem dey ask for plenty things, like formal apology from all di countries wey fit involved (not be just 'statements of regret'), make dem bring back di displaced Africans go dem own land, programs wey go help Africans sabi dem own history and share am, and institutions to make sure di descendants of slavery fit read well, be healthy, and get good mind.[61] Di representatives wey dey represent Caribbean states don talk plenty times say dem go carry dis wahala go International Court of Justice (ICJ).[62] But as January 2023, nothing don happen wey go make di Barbadian Government case fit go international arbitration.[63]

Antigua and Barbuda
[edit | edit source]

For 2011, Antigua and Barbuda don talk say make dem dey ask for reparations for United Nations. Dem say, "the way dem dey segregate and use violence for people wey get African blood don hold dem back from progress as nations, communities and individuals".[64] Fast forward to 2016, the Ambassador wey represent Antigua and Barbuda for United States, Sir Ronald Sanders, don urge Harvard University make dem show say dem dey sorry and pay debt to some slaves wey no fit mention from Antigua and Barbuda. Sanders talk say the first law professor for Harvard, Isaac Royall Jr., use the slaves wey dey his plantation for Antigua when e dey build Harvard Law School. E suggest say make dem do the reparations as yearly scholarships for Antiguans and Barbudans.[65]

Barbados
[edit | edit source]

For 2012, Barbados government set up twelve people Reparations Task Force wey go help push for reparations matter locally, regionally, and internationally.[66][67] Dem dey run the show for 'calling for reparations from colonial people for wetin slaves and their families suffer.' [68][69]

Dem talk say Barbados dey lead di way (as 2021 be) for dem wey dey call for dem wey go pay reparations for slavery.[70]

By January 2023, Barbados National Task Force on Reparations, part of CARICOM Reparations Commission, dey hot on wealthy British MP Richard Drax for him family paddy wey get hand for slavery matter. Drax family get big estate for Barbados; Richard Drax dey worth 'at least £150m.'[71] If dem no gree make Drax Hall return to Barbados, government go carry am go international arbitration.[72]

Guyana
[edit | edit source]

For 2007, Guyana President Bharrat Jagdeo don talk say European countries make dem pay back for slave trade.[73] President Jagdeo yan: "Even though some people for international community don sabi say dem get hand for this bad matter, dem need to carry am go further and support make dem pay reparations."[74] For 2014, Guyana Parliament come set up "Reparations Committee of Guyana" wey go check how slavery affect people and create formal demand for dem to pay back.[75]

Haiti
[edit | edit source]

Haiti take im independence from France for 1804 after wahala wey no dey easy, so di matter for reparations fit make sense. After small time, France come demand say di new Haiti go pay dem 90 million francs for di 'theft' wey be di lives of di people wey dem enslave (dem call am compensated emancipation) and di land wey dem turn to sugar and coffee farms to sabi say di new nation get im independence.[76] French banks and Citibank carry di debt go and e finish for 1947.[77]

For 2003, di president wey dey Haiti den Jean-Bertrand Aristide talk say make France pay Haiti more than US$21 billion, na wetin be di current money wey e equal to di 90 million gold francs wey Haiti gatz pay to fit get international recognition.[78][79] Aristide later accuse France and di United States say dem carry him go down for coup wey dem do am well well: e say na because of di demands wey him make.

Jamaica
[edit | edit source]

For 2004, some Jamaican activists join together, with Rastafari pipo dey demand say European countries wey join for slave trade go fit support make dem settle 500,000 Rastafari for Ethiopia (dem dey calculate am say na 72.5 billion pound sterling, or about $150,000 per person). But British government no gree take the demand.[80]

For 2012, Jamaican Government don wake back their reparations commission make dem fit check if di country go fit ask for apology or reparations from Britain for wetin dem do for slave trade.[81] Dem opposition talk say because Britain help stop di slave trade, dem no suppose give any reparations. For 2021, Jamaican government check di matter again about reparations for slavery. Reports show say dem dey look for like 7 billion pounds sterling as reparations for di damages wey slavery cause, plus di 20 million wey British government don pay to former enslavers.[82]

Muslim world
[edit | edit source]

Dem don talk say make dem fit give reparations for di slavery wey happen for Muslim world.[83]

By region of origin of slaves

[edit | edit source]
Africa
[edit | edit source]

For 1999, di African World Reparations and Repatriation Truth Commission yan say West make dem pay Africa $777 trillion (like $1.34 quadrillion for 2023) within five years.[84]

For September 2001, United Nations host World Conference wey dey tackle Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and all di wahala for Durban, South Africa. Di Durban Review Conference come drop one resolution wey talk say di West suppose pay back Africa because of di "racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia, and di yawa wey Atlantic slave trade bring come".[85][86][87] Plenty African leaders back this resolution. Di former Minister of Justice for Sudan, Ali Mohamed Osman Yassin, talk say di slave trade na di main wahala wey dey cause Africa current gbege.

President Cyril Ramaphosa dey back reparations for slavery and slave trade, to celebrate 20 years of Durban declaration.

African Union and Caricom Global Reparation Fund
[edit | edit source]

African Union and Caricom dem set up Global Reparation Fund for conference wey happen for Ghana for November 2023.[88] President of Ghana, Nana Akufo-Addo, talk for the conference say, "All di time wey slavery dey happen, our progress, for money, culture, and mind matter, dey suffer. Plenty stories dey about families wey slavery scatter ... You no fit put number for di wahala wey dem tragedies cause, but e need make we sabi am."[89]

Criticism

[edit | edit source]

Pipo no dey support slavery reparations well well for America. One study wey YouGov do for 2014 show say only 37% of Americans feel say dem for pay cash to enslaved pipo when dem free am. Plus, only 15% believe say the children of dem wey be enslaved for collect cash too. E show say black and white Americans get clear wahala. The study talk say: "Only 6% of white Americans gree say make dem pay cash to the children of slaves, but 59% of black Americans dey support am. E be same too, only 19% of whites – but 63% of blacks – go support special education and job training programs for the children of slaves."[90]

For 2014, as Ta-Nehisi Coates drop im article wey dem dey call "The Case for Reparations", one conservative journalist, Kevin D. Williamson, come publish im own article wey dem name "The Case Against Reparations". Inside dat one, Williamson talk say: "De people wey dem owe reparations don don die long time ago."[91]

References

[edit | edit source]
  1. ↑ "Reparations". OHCHR. 15 December 2020. Retrieved 31 May 2025.
  2. ↑ Davis, Allen (May 11, 2020). "An Historical Timeline of Reparations Payments Made From 1783 through 2020 by the United States Government, States, Cities, Religious Institutions, Colleges and Universities, and Corporations". University of Massachusetts Amherst. Retrieved July 12, 2020.
  3. ↑ "Reparations Section". Black Asheville Demands (BAD). June 26, 2020. Archived from the original on 15 June 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2020.
  4. ↑ Kepley-Steward, Kristy; Santostasi, Stephanie (July 10, 2020). "Confederate monuments in downtown Asheville removed or covered". wlos.com. Retrieved July 12, 2020.
  5. 1 2 Andrews, Kehinde (2024). "The Knife is Still in Our Backs: Reparations Washing and the Limits of Reparatory Justice Campaigns". Development and Change. 55 (4). Wiley: 628–650. doi:10.1111/dech.12848. ISSN 0012-155X.
  6. ↑ "Government apologises for the Netherlands' role in the history of slavery". Government of the Netherlands. 19 December 2022. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
  7. ↑ "Mission Statement". Heirs of Slavery. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
  8. ↑ Howard-Hassmann, Rhoda E. (2004). "Reparations to Africa and the Group of Eminent Persons". Cahiers d'Études africaines. 44 (173–174): 81–97. doi:10.4000/etudesafricaines.4543. S2CID 145746084. Retrieved July 20, 2020. ...a French law of 2001 that recognizes the trans-Atlantic slave trade as a crime against humanity, and the admission by the Belgians in 2002 of their role in the murder of Patrice Lumumba, first President of independent Congo.
  9. ↑ "Blair 'sorrow' over slave trade | Prime Minister Tony Blair has said he feels 'deep sorrow' for Britain's role in the slave trade". BBC News. 27 November 2006. Retrieved 15 March 2007.
  10. ↑ Mahon, Leah (August 2023). "£18 trillion – what Britain owes in reparations. Time to pay up". The Voice. pp. 6–7.
  11. ↑ Brown, Kim (2023-07-10). "Brattle Consultants Quantify Reparations for Transatlantic Chattel Slavery in Pro Bono Paper". Brattle (in American English). Retrieved 2023-08-03.
  12. ↑ "UK Reparations Conference 2023 Statement". All-Party Parliamentary Group (APPG) for Afrikan Reparations. Retrieved 2024-05-22.
  13. ↑ Holloway, Lester (November 2023). "Reparations on the agenda". The Voice. p. 8.
  14. ↑ "1837: 1 Victoria c.3: Slavery Compensation Act". British Government. 1837. Retrieved 5 January 2023 – via The Statutes Project.
  15. ↑ BBC History magazine. Bristol Magazines Ltd. June 2010. ISSN 1469-8552.
  16. ↑ "Britain's colonial shame: Slave-owners given huge payouts after abolition". National African American Reparations Commission (NAARC). 7 October 2021. Retrieved 6 January 2023.
  17. ↑ Brown, Matthew (30 June 2020). "Fact check: United Kingdom finished paying off debts to slave-owning families in 2015". USA TODAY. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
  18. ↑ "African Union - Colonialism". Colonialism Reparation. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
  19. ↑ Grant, Bernie. "Reparations or Bust!" (PDF). Information Sheet No. 3. Africa Reparations Movement (UK). pp. 1–10. ...edited version of a speech he gave in Birmingham on 12th April...
  20. ↑ "Abuja Proclamation – Early Day Motions". edm.parliament.uk. UK Parliament. 10 May 1993. Retrieved 2020-07-09.
  21. ↑ "Africa Reparations Movement (UK)". Archives Hub. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
  22. ↑ "Stephen A. Small". African American Studies. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
  23. ↑ "Professor Stephen Small". National Museums Liverpool. 25 August 2020. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
  24. ↑ "Africa Reparations Movement (UK)". Archives Hub. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
  25. ↑ African Reparations Movement records 1963 – 2000 (in English). The National Archives. This record is held by the Bishopsgate Institute.
  26. ↑ Stanford-Xosei, Esther (March 2019). "The Long Road of Pan-African Liberation to Reparatory Justice". In Adi, Hakim (ed.). Black British History : New Perspectives. London: Zed. pp. 176–198. ISBN 978-1786994257.
  27. ↑ "Slave descendants file $1 billion lawsuit against companies with alleged ties to slave trade". Jet. 150 (17): 36–37. 2004.
  28. ↑ Walsh, Conal (27 March 2004). "Slave descendants sue Lloyd's for billions". The Guardian (in British English). ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2017-03-14.
  29. ↑ "Slave descendants to sue Lloyd's". BBC News, 29 March 2004. Retrieved on 15 October 2009.
  30. ↑ Stamp, Gavin (20 March 2007). "Counting the cost of the slave trade". BBC News news.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2017-03-14.
  31. ↑ "Blair 'sorrow' over slave trade | Prime Minister Tony Blair has said he feels 'deep sorrow' for Britain's role in the slave trade". BBC News. 27 November 2006. Retrieved 15 March 2007.
  32. ↑ "Blair 'sorry' for UK slavery role". BBC News, 14 March 2007. Accessed 15 March 2007.
  33. ↑ Muir, Hugh (24 August 2007). "Livingstone weeps as he apologises for slavery". The Guardian. Retrieved 30 July 2014.
  34. ↑ Baker, Nick (11 May 2023). "These British 'heirs of slavery' are trying to make amends for past wrongs". ABC News (Australia). Retrieved 11 May 2023.
  35. ↑ Baker, Nick (11 May 2023). "These British 'heirs of slavery' are trying to make amends for past wrongs". ABC News (Australia). Retrieved 11 May 2023.
  36. ↑ "About Us". Heirs of Slavery. 26 April 2023. Archived from the original on 3 May 2023. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
  37. ↑ "United States of America 1789 (rev. 1992)". Constitute Project.
  38. ↑ King, Wilma (2004). "Slavery, United States". Encyclopedia of Children and Childhood: In History and Society. 3: 757–758.
  39. ↑ Davis, Allen (May 11, 2020). "An Historical Timeline of Reparations Payments Made From 1783 through 2020 by the United States Government, States, Cities, Religious Institutions, Colleges and Universities, and Corporations". University of Massachusetts Amherst. Retrieved July 12, 2020.
  40. ↑ Gambino, Lauren (June 20, 2020). "Calls for reparations are growing louder. How is the US responding?". The Guardian. Retrieved July 20, 2020. Several states, localities and private institutions are beginning to grapple with issue, advancing legislation or convening taskforces to develop proposals for reparations.
  41. ↑ Cashin, Cheryll (June 21, 2019). "Reparations for slavery aren't enough. Official racism lasted much longer". The Washington Post.
  42. ↑ "Reparations Section". Black Asheville Demands (BAD). June 26, 2020. Archived from the original on 15 June 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2020.
  43. ↑ Conyers, John (3 October 2013). "My Reparations Bill – HR 40", IBW21 (Institute of the Black World).
  44. ↑ 114th Congress (2016). "All Bill Information for H.R.40 – Commission to Study Reparation Proposals for African-Americans Act". Congress.Gov.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  45. ↑ Robinson, Randall (1999). "He Drove the First U.S Stake in South African Apartheid". Journal of Blacks in Higher Education. 24: 58.
  46. ↑ "Six White Congressmen Endorse Reparations for Slavery". The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education (27): 20–21. 2000-01-01. doi:10.2307/2678973. JSTOR 2678973.
  47. ↑ "Six White Congressmen Endorse Reparations for Slavery". The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education (27): 20–21. 2000-01-01. doi:10.2307/2678973. JSTOR 2678973.
  48. ↑ Craemer, Thomas (21 April 2015). "Estimating Slavery Reparations: Present Value Comparisons of Historical Multigenerational Reparations Policies". Social Science Quarterly. 96 (2): 639–655. doi:10.1111/ssqu.12151.
  49. ↑ Craemer, Thomas (21 April 2015). "Estimating Slavery Reparations: Present Value Comparisons of Historical Multigenerational Reparations Policies". Social Science Quarterly. 96 (2): 639–655. doi:10.1111/ssqu.12151.
  50. ↑ Coates, Ta-Nehisi (June 2014). "The Case for Reparations". The Atlantic.
  51. ↑ "Report of the Working Group of Experts on People of African Descent on its mission to the United States of America" (PDF). US Human Rights Network. August 18, 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 January 2018. Retrieved 11 July 2018.
  52. ↑ Peyton, Nellie; Murray, Christine (June 24, 2020). "Calls for reparations gain steam as U.S. reckons with racial injustice".
  53. ↑ "Rapper T.I. Demands $44 Trillion in Slavery Reparations". Pulptastic. July 24, 2020.
  54. ↑ Buser, Andreas (2017). "Colonial Injustices and the Law of State Responsibility: The CARICOM Claim to Compensate Slavery and (Native) Genocide". Heidelberg Journal of International Law: 91–115. SSRN 3050647.
  55. ↑ Ramjeet, Oscar (2009-04-16). "CARICOM countries will speak with one voice in meetings with US and Canadian leaders". Caribbean Net News. Archived from the original on July 13, 2016. Retrieved 2009-04-16.
  56. ↑ "Spanish agreed as CARICOM second language". www.landofsixpeoples.com. Archived from the original on 2021-08-18. Retrieved 2020-08-04.
  57. ↑ "Who we are". Caribbean Community (CARICOM). Archived from the original on 2020-08-14. Retrieved 2020-08-04.
  58. ↑ "UWI principal wants CARICOM to seek reparation for slavery". Jamaica Observer. February 15, 2013. Archived from the original on 2013-02-15.
  59. ↑ "The New York Carib News". New York Carib News -.
  60. ↑ Pilkington, Ed (March 9, 2014). "Caribbean nations prepare demand for slavery reparations". The Guardian.
  61. ↑ "Reparations for Native Genocide And Slavery". CARICOM. October 13, 2015.
  62. ↑ Buser, Andreas (2017). "Colonial Injustices and the Law of State Responsibility: The CARICOM Claim to Compensate Slavery and (Native) Genocide". Heidelberg Journal of International Law: 91–115. SSRN 3050647.
  63. ↑ Armitage, Rebecca (4 January 2023). "Benedict Cumberbatch's ancestors got rich from slavery in Barbados. Now he could be on the hook for reparations". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 4 January 2023.
  64. ↑ Section, United Nations News Service (24 September 2011). "Reparations should be made for African slave trade, Antigua and Barbuda tells UN".
  65. ↑ Section, United Nations News Service (24 September 2011). "Reparations should be made for African slave trade, Antigua and Barbuda tells UN".
  66. ↑ Stan (November 7, 2012). "Barbados Takes Lead in Fight For Reparations in the Caribbean". Atlanta Black Star.
  67. ↑ Hunter, Patrick (20 February 2013). "CARICOM and reparations for slavery". Share. Archived from the original on 27 February 2013. Retrieved 7 March 2013.
  68. ↑ Manning, Sanchez (February 26, 2013). "Britain's colonial shame: Slave-owners given huge payouts after". The Independent.
  69. ↑ Stan (November 7, 2012). "Barbados Takes Lead in Fight For Reparations in the Caribbean". Atlanta Black Star.
  70. ↑ "Britain's colonial shame: Slave-owners given huge payouts after abolition". National African American Reparations Commission (NAARC). 7 October 2021. Retrieved 6 January 2023.
  71. ↑ Lashmar, Paul; Smith, Jonathan (26 November 2022). "Barbados plans to make Tory MP pay reparations for family's slave past". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 January 2023.
  72. ↑ Armitage, Rebecca (4 January 2023). "Benedict Cumberbatch's ancestors got rich from slavery in Barbados. Now he could be on the hook for reparations". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 4 January 2023.
  73. ↑ "Guyana calls for reparations". BBCCaribbean.com. 27 March 2007.
  74. ↑ "Guyana calls for reparations". BBCCaribbean.com. 27 March 2007.
  75. ↑ "Establishment of the Reparations Committee of Guyana". Parliament of the Cooperative Republic of Guyana.
  76. ↑ De Côrdoba, José (January 2, 2004). "Impoverished Haiti pins hopes for future on a very old debt". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 2010-11-12. Retrieved 2011-03-08 – via Odious Debts.
  77. ↑ Marquand, Robert (2010-08-17). "France dismisses petition for it to pay $17 billion in Haiti reparations". The Christian Science Monitor. ISSN 0882-7729. Retrieved 2019-08-31.
  78. ↑ Jackson Miller, Dionne (March 12, 2004). "HAITI: Aristide's Call for Reparations From France Unlikely to Die". Inter Press Service news. Archived from the original on 2 December 2008. Retrieved 20 April 2009.
  79. ↑ Smitha, Frank E. "Haiti, 1789 to 1806". Archived from the original on 2009-02-12. Retrieved 2009-04-20.
  80. ↑ "Jamaicans Form Commission to Investigate Slavery Reparations from Britain". Associated Press. 1 November 2012. Archived from the original on 26 October 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2012.
  81. ↑ "Jamaicans Form Commission to Investigate Slavery Reparations from Britain". Associated Press. 1 November 2012. Archived from the original on 26 October 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2012.
  82. ↑ McLeod, Sheri-Kae (2021-07-15). "Jamaica Demands Billions in Slavery Reparations from UK". Caribbean News (in English). Retrieved 2021-07-15.
  83. ↑ Brown, J.A.C. (2020). Slavery and Islam. Oneworld Publications. ISBN 9781786076366.
  84. ↑ "Africa Trillions demanded in slavery reparations". BBC. August 20, 1999.
  85. ↑ Howard-Hassmann, Rhoda E. (2004-01-01). "Reparations to Africa and the Group of Eminent Persons (Les réparations pour l'Afrique et le Groupe de personnalités éminentes)". Cahiers d'Études Africaines. 44 (173/174): 81–97. doi:10.4000/etudesafricaines.4543. JSTOR 4393370.
  86. ↑ "Acknowledgement of Past, Compensation Urged by Many Leaders in Continuing Debate at Racism Conference" (Press release). World Conference against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance. September 2, 2001. Retrieved November 15, 2017.
  87. ↑ "Action Against Wide Range of Discriminatory Practices Urged at Racism Conference" (Press release). United Nations. Archived from the original on August 7, 2018. Retrieved November 15, 2017.
  88. ↑ Gentleman, Amelia (17 November 2023). "African and Caribbean nations agree move to seek reparations for slavery". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  89. ↑ Gentleman, Amelia (17 November 2023). "African and Caribbean nations agree move to seek reparations for slavery". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  90. ↑ Moore, Peter (2 June 2014). "Overwhelming opposition to reparations for slavery and Jim Crow | YouGov". today.yougov.com (in American English). Retrieved 2020-02-13.
  91. ↑ Williamson, Kevin D. (May 24, 2014). "The Case Against Reparations". National Review.

Read further

[edit | edit source]
  • Coates, Ta-Nehisi. "The Case for Reparations", The Atlantic, June 2014.
  • du Plessis, Max. 2003. "Historical Injustice and International Law: An Exploratory Discussion of Reparation for Slavery" Human Rights Quarterly, 25(3), 624–659.
  • Manjapra, Kris. June 17, 2022. "D.C.'s Enslavers Got Reparations. Freed People Got Nothing", Politico.
  • Manjapra, Kris. 2019. "The Scandal of the British Slavery Abolition Act Loan", Social and Economic Studies, 68(3/4), 165–184. JSTOR 45299245
  • America, Richard F. Wealth of Races: The Present Value of Benefits from Past Injustices. Praeger Press, 2002. ISBN 0313257531
  • Burlette, Carterm W.. "True Reparations", The George Washington Law Review, Vol. 68, No. 1021, 2000.
  • America, Richard F. "Racial Inequality, Economic Dysfunction, and Reparations, Challenge, Vol. 38, No. 6, 1995, pp. 40–45. JSTOR 40721651
[edit | edit source]
Dem retrieve am from "https://gpe.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reparations_for_slavery&oldid=79986"