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Respiratory syncytial virus

From Wikipedia
respiratory syncytial virus
taxon
Short nameH. respiratory Edit
Taxon nameHuman respiratory syncytial virus Edit
Taxon rankspecies Edit
Parent taxonPneumovirus, Orthopneumovirus Edit
Has effectrespiratory syncytial virus infectious disease Edit

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), dem sanso call human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) den human orthopneumovirus, be a virus wey dey cause infections of de respiratory tract. E be a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus.[1] Na dem derive ein name from de large, multinucleated cells dem know as syncytia wey dey form wen infected cells fuse.[1][2]

RSV be a common cause of respiratory hospitalization insyd infants, wey reinfection remain common insyd later life, though often plus less severity.[3][4][5] E be a notable pathogen insyd all age groups. Infection rates be typically higher during de cold winter months.[6] Infections fi cause bronchiolitis insyd infants, common colds insyd adults, den more serious respiratory illnesses, such as pneumonia, insyd older individuals den those plus immunocompromise wey result from, e.g., cardiopulmonary disease.[7]

RSV fi cause outbreaks insyd both community den hospital settings. Dey follow initial infection via de eyes anaa nasal passages, de virus dey infect de epithelial cells of de upper den lower airways, wey dey cause inflammation, cell damage, den airway obstruction.[1] A variety of methods be available for detecting den diagnosing RSV, wey dey include antigen testing, molecular testing, den viral culture.[2]

Oda dan vaccination, prevention measures dey include hand-washing den avoiding close contact plus infected individuals.[8] De carriage of RSV insyd respiratory aerosols,[9] along plus de production of fine den ultrafine aerosols during normal breathing, talking,[10] den coughing,[11] den de emerging scientific consensus around transmission of all respiratory infections,[12] fi suggest airborne precautions be needed for reliable protection. Insyd May 2023, na de US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approve de first RSV vaccines, Arexvy (wey GSK plc develop) den Abrysvo (Pfizer).[13][14] De prophylactic use of palivizumab anaa nirsevimab (both be monoclonal antibody treatments) fi prevent RSV infection among infants plus high-risk predispositions.[8][15]

Treatment for severe illness be primarily supportive, wey dey include oxygen therapy den more advanced breathing support plus continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) anaa nasal high flow oxygen, as dem require. Insyd cases of severe respiratory failure, intubation den mechanical ventilation fi be required. Ribavirin be an antiviral medication dem license for de treatment of RSV infection insyd kiddies.[16]

References

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  1. 1 2 3 Griffiths C, Drews SJ, Marchant DJ (January 2017). "Respiratory Syncytial Virus: Infection, Detection, and New Options for Prevention and Treatment". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 30 (1): 277–319. doi:10.1128/CMR.00010-16. PMC 5217795. PMID 27903593.
  2. 1 2 Jha A, Jarvis H, Fraser C, Openshaw PJ (June 2016). "Chapter 5: Respiratory Syncytial Virus". In Hui DS, Rossi GA, Johnston SL (eds.). SARS, MERS and other Viral Lung Infections. Wellcome Trust–Funded Monographs and Book Chapters. Sheffield (UK): European Respiratory Society. ISBN 978-1-84984-070-5. PMID 28742304. Archived from the original on 28 December 2020. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
  3. ↑ Foley, David A.; Minney-Smith, Cara A.; Lee, Wei Hao; Oakes, Daniel B.; Hazelton, Briony; Ford, Timothy J.; Wadia, Ushma; Sikazwe, Chisha; Moore, Hannah C.; Nicol, Mark P.; Levy, Avram; Blyth, Christopher C. (2023-12-13). "Respiratory Syncytial Virus Reinfections in Children in Western Australia". Viruses. 15 (12): 2417. doi:10.3390/v15122417. ISSN 1999-4915. PMC 10747877. PMID 38140658.
  4. ↑ Nduaguba, Sabina O.; Tran, Phuong T.; Choi, Yoonyoung; Winterstein, Almut G. (2023). "Respiratory syncytial virus reinfections among infants and young children in the United States, 2011-2019". PLOS ONE. 18 (2) e0281555. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0281555. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 9934310. PMID 36795639.
  5. ↑ Russell, Clark D.; Unger, Stefan A.; Walton, Marc; Schwarze, Jürgen (8 February 2017). "The Human Immune Response to Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 30 (2). American Society for Microbiology (published April 2017): 481–502. doi:10.1128/CMR.00090-16. ISSN 1098-6618. PMC 5355638. PMID 28179378.
  6. ↑ Judy, Jennifer; Yacisin, Kari; Atwell, Jessica E.; Begier, Elizabeth; Curcio, Daniel; Cané, Alejandro (October 2025). "Characteristics of In- and Off-season Respiratory Syncytial Virus Episodes—United States, 2016–2020". Open Forum Infectious Diseases. 12 (10) ofaf492 (published 19 August 2025). doi:10.1093/ofid/ofaf492. ISSN 2328-8957. PMC 12534730. PMID 41113329.
  7. ↑ Coultas JA, Smyth R, Openshaw PJ (October 2019). "Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV): a scourge from infancy to old age". Thorax. 74 (10): 986–993. doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2018-212212. hdl:10044/1/73848. PMID 31383776. S2CID 199449874.
  8. 1 2 Ralston SL, Lieberthal AS, Meissner HC, Alverson BK, Baley JE, Gadomski AM, Johnson DW, Light MJ, Maraqa NF, Mendonca EA, Phelan KJ, Zorc JJ, Stanko-Lopp D, Brown MA, Nathanson I, Rosenblum E, Sayles S, Hernandez-Cancio S (November 2014). "Clinical practice guideline: the diagnosis, management, and prevention of bronchiolitis". Pediatrics. 134 (5): e14741–502. doi:10.1542/peds.2014-2742. PMID 25349312. S2CID 3192188.
  9. ↑ Kulkarni H, Smith CM, Lee Ddo H, Hirst RA, Easton AJ, O'Callaghan C (August 2016). "Evidence of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Spread by Aerosol. Time to Revisit Infection Control Strategies?". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 194 (3): 308–316. doi:10.1164/rccm.201509-1833OC. PMID 26890617.
  10. ↑ Stadnytskyi V, Bax CE, Bax A, Anfinrud P (June 2020). "The airborne lifetime of small speech droplets and their potential importance in SARS-CoV-2 transmission". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 117 (22): 11875–11877. Bibcode:2020PNAS..11711875S. doi:10.1073/pnas.2006874117. PMC 7275719. PMID 32404416.
  11. ↑ Zayas G, Chiang MC, Wong E, MacDonald F, Lange CF, Senthilselvan A, King M (December 2012). "Cough aerosol in healthy participants: fundamental knowledge to optimize droplet-spread infectious respiratory disease management". BMC Pulmonary Medicine. 12 (1) 11. doi:10.1186/1471-2466-12-11. PMC 3331822. PMID 22436202.
  12. ↑ Wang, Chia C.; Prather, Kimberly A; Sznitman, Josué; Jimenez, Jose L; Lakdawala, Seema S.; Tufekci, Zeynep; Marr, Linsey C. (August 2021). "Airborne transmission of respiratory viruses". Science. 373 (6558) eabd9149. doi:10.1126/science.abd9149. PMC 8721651. PMID 34446582.
  13. ↑ "FDA Approves First Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Vaccine" (Press release). U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 3 May 2023. Archived from the original on 4 May 2023. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  14. ↑ "US FDA approves Pfizer's RSV vaccine". Reuters. 31 May 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2023.
  15. ↑ "Health Canada approves new antibody drug to help prevent serious RSV in babies". CTVNews. 22 April 2023. Archived from the original on 24 April 2023. Retrieved 24 April 2023.
  16. ↑ Simões EA, DeVincenzo JP, Boeckh M, Bont L, Crowe JE, Griffiths P, Hayden FG, Hodinka RL, Smyth RL, Spencer K, Thirstrup S, Walsh EE, Whitley RJ (March 2015). "Challenges and Opportunities in Developing Respiratory Syncytial Virus Therapeutics". Journal of Infectious Diseases. 211 (suppl 1): S1 – S20. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiu828. PMC 4345819. PMID 25713060.
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