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Ritonavir

From Wikipedia
ritonavir
type of chemical entity
Subclass ofheterocyclic compound Edit
Get useMedication Edit
Stereoisomer ofthiazol-5-ylmethyl (2S,3R,5R)-3-hydroxy-5-((S)-2-(3-((2-isopropylthiazol-4-yl)methyl)-3-methylureido(-3-methylbutanamido)-1,6-diphenylhexan-2-ylcarbamate, thiazol-5-ylmethyl (2S,3S,5R)-3-hydroxy-5-((S)-2-(3-((2-isopropylthiazol-4-yl)methyl)-3-methylureido(-3-methylbutanamido)-1,6-diphenylhexan-2-ylcarbamate, ritonavir (3R)-hydroxy epimer Edit
Chemical formulaC₃₇H₄₈N₆O₅S₂ Edit
Canonical SMILESCC(C)C1=NC(=CS1)CN(C)C(=O)NC(C(C)C)C(=O)NC(CC2=CC=CC=C2)CC(C(CC3=CC=CC=C3)NC(=O)OCC4=CN=CS4)O Edit
Isomeric SMILESCC(C)C1=NC(=CS1)CN(C)C(=O)N[C@@H](C(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC2=CC=CC=C2)C[C@@H]([C@H](CC3=CC=CC=C3)NC(=O)OCC4=CN=CS4)O Edit
Active ingredient inNorvir, nirmatrelvir/ritonavir Edit
World Health Organisation international non-proprietary nameritonavir Edit
Medical condition treatedHIV/AIDS, HIV infection, hepatitis C Edit
Physically dey interact pluscytochrome P450 family 3 subfamily A member 4, cytochrome P450 family 3 subfamily A member 5 Edit
Route of administrationoral administration Edit
Legal status (medicine)boxed warning Edit
Pregnancy categoryAustralian pregnancy category B3, US pregnancy category B Edit
LiverTox likelihood scoreLiverTox toxicity likelihood category C Edit

Ritonavir, dem sell under de brand name Norvir, be an antiretroviral medication dem use along plus oda medications to treat HIV/AIDS.[1][2][3] Dis combination treatment be known as highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).[3] Ritonavir be a protease inhibitor, though e now mainly dey serve to boost de potency of oda protease inhibitors.[3][4] E sanso fi be used in combination plus oda medications to treat hepatitis C den COVID-19.[5][6] Dem dey take am by mouth.[3]

Common side effects of ritonavir dey include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, diarrhea, den numbness of de hands den feet.[3] Serious side effects dey include liver complications, pancreatitis, allergic reactions, den arrhythmias.[3] Serious interactions fi occur plus a number of oda medications wey dey include amiodarone den simvastatin.[3] At low doses, e be considered to be acceptable for use during pregnancy.[7] Ritonavir be of de protease inhibitor class.[3] However, e sanso be commonly used to inhibit de enzyme wey dey metabolize oda protease inhibitors.[8] Dis inhibition dey allow lower doses of dese latter medications to be used.[8]

Na dem patent ritonavir insyd 1989 wey e cam into medical use insyd 1996.[9][10] E dey on de World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[11][12] Ritonavir capsules be approved as a generic medication insyd de United States insyd 2020.[13]

Side effects

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Wen dem administer at de initially tested higher doses effective for anti-HIV therapy, de side effects of ritonavir be those dem show below.[1]

  • Asthenia, malaise
  • Diarrhea
  • Nausea den vomiting
  • Abdominal pain
  • Dizziness
  • Insomnia
  • Kidney failure
  • Sweating
  • Taste abnormality
  • Metabolic effects, wey dey include
    • Hypercholesterolemia
    • Hypertriglyceridemia
    • Elevated transaminases
    • Elevated creatine kinase

References

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  1. 1 2 "DailyMed - NORVIR- ritonavir tablet, film coated NORVIR- ritonavir solution NORVIR- ritonavir powder". dailymed.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2026-05-13.
  2. ↑ "Norvir | European Medicines Agency (EMA)". www.ema.europa.eu (in English). 2018-05-24. Retrieved 2026-05-13.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Ritonavir". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on October 17, 2015. Retrieved October 23, 2015.
  4. ↑ Talha B, Dhamoon AS (8 August 2023). "Ritonavir". StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. PMID 31335032. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
  5. ↑ "Press Announcements - FDA approves Viekira Pak to treat hepatitis C". www.fda.gov (in English). Archived from the original on 2015-10-31. Retrieved 2026-05-13.
  6. ↑ Akinosoglou K, Schinas G, Gogos C (November 2022). "Oral Antiviral Treatment for COVID-19: A Comprehensive Review on Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir". Viruses. 14 (11): 2540. doi:10.3390/v14112540. PMC 9696049. PMID 36423149.
  7. ↑ "Ritonavir Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Warnings". drugs.com. Archived from the original on September 7, 2015. Retrieved October 23, 2015.
  8. 1 2 British National Formulary 69 (69 ed.). Pharmaceutical Pr. March 31, 2015. p. 426. ISBN 9780857111562.
  9. ↑ Hacker M (2009). Pharmacology principles and practice. Amsterdam: Academic Press/Elsevier. p. 550. ISBN 9780080919225. Archived from the original on June 17, 2020. Retrieved September 10, 2017.
  10. ↑ Fischer J, Ganellin CR (2006). Analogue-based Drug Discovery. John Wiley & Sons. p. 509. ISBN 9783527607495. Archived from the original on June 20, 2021. Retrieved August 27, 2020.
  11. ↑ World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
  12. ↑ World Health Organization (2021). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 22nd list (2021). Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/345533. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2021.02.
  13. ↑ "First Generic Drug Approvals". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved February 13, 2021.
[edit | edit source]
  • Chemburkar SR, Bauer J, Deming K, Spiwek H, Patel K, Morris J, et al. (2000). "Dealing with the Impact of Ritonavir Polymorphs on the Late Stages of Bulk Drug Process Development". Organic Process Research & Development. 4 (5): 413–417. doi:10.1021/op000023y.
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