Robert Mugabe

Robert Mugabe

human

Ein sex anaa gender	male
Ein country of citizenship	Zimbabwe
Name in native language	Robert Gabriel Mugabe, Robert Gabriel Mugabe
Birth name	Robert Gabriel Mugabe
Name wey dem give am	Robert, Gabriel
Family name	Mugabe
Ein date of birth	21 February 1924
Place dem born am	Kutama
Date wey edie	6 September 2019
Place wey edie	Gleneagles Hospital
Manner of death	natural causes
Cause of death	cancer
Place wey dem bury am	Kutama
Ein poppie	Gabriel Mugabe Matibiri
Mummie	Amai Bona Mugabe
Sibling	Sabina Mugabe
Spouse	Grace Mugabe
Kiddie	Bona Mugabe, Chatunga Bellarmine Mugabe, Michael Nhamodzenyika Mugabe, Robert Peter Mugabe Jr.
Relative	Perence Shiri
Languages edey speak, rep anaa sign	Shona, English
Ein occupation	politician
Ein field of work	politics
Political party ein member	Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front, Zimbabwe African People's Union, Zimbabwe African National Union
Candidacy in election	2013 Zimbabwean presidential election, 2002 Zimbabwean presidential election, 2008 Zimbabwean presidential election, 1996 Zimbabwean presidential election
Religion anaa worldview	Catholic Church
Participated in conflict	First Congo War, Second Congo War
Facial hair	toothbrush moustache

Robert Gabriel Mugabe (/mʊˈɡɑːbi/; Shona: [muɡaɓe]; 21 February 1924 – 6 September 2019) na he be a Zimbabwean revolutionary den politician wey serve as Prime Minister of Zimbabwe from 1980 to 1987 den then as Presido from 1987 to 2017. Na he serve as Leader of de Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) from 1975 to 1980 wey na he lead ein successor political party, de ZANU – Patriotic Front (ZANU–PF), from 1980 to 2017. Ideologically an African nationalist, during de 1970s den 1980s na he identify as a Marxist–Leninist, den as a socialist during de 1990s den de remainder of ein career.

Na dem born Mugabe to a poor Shona family insyd Kutama, Southern Rhodesia. Na he educate at Kutama College den de University of Fort Hare insyd South Africa, he then work as a schoolteacher insyd Southern Rhodesia, Northern Rhodesia, den Ghana. Angered by white minority rule of ein homeland within de British Empire, na Mugabe embrace Marxism wey na he join African nationalists calling for an independent state wey be controlled by de black majority. After na he make antigovernmental comments, na dem convict am of sedition wey dem imprison am between 1964 den 1974. On release, na he flee to Mozambique, wey he establish ein leadership of ZANU, wey na he oversee ein role insyd de Rhodesian Bush War, dey fight Ian Smith ein predominantly white government. Na he reluctantly participate insyd peace talks insyd de United Kingdom wey na e result insyd de Lancaster House Agreement, wey put an end to de war. Insyd de 1980 general election, na Mugabe lead ZANU-PF to victory, wey he cam be Prime Minister wen de country, dem now rename Zimbabwe, gain internationally recognized independence later dat year. Na Mugabe ein administration expand healthcare den education den—despite ein professed desire for a socialist society—he adher largely to mainstream economic policies.

Na Mugabe ein calls for racial reconciliation fail to stem growing white emigration, while relations plus Joshua Nkomo ein Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU) sanso deteriorate. Insyd de Gukurahundi of 1982–1987, na Mugabe ein 5th Brigade crush ZAPU-linked opposition insyd Matabeleland insyd a campaign wey kill at least 20,000 people, mostly Ndebele civilians. Internationally, na he send troops into de Second Congo War wey na he chair de Non-Aligned Movement (1986–1989), de Organisation of African Unity (1997–1998), den de African Union (2015–2016). Pursuing decolonisation, na Mugabe emphasize de redistribution of land wey na be controlled by white farmers to landless blacks, initially on a "willing seller–willing buyer" basis. Frustrated at de slow rate of redistribution, from 2000 na he encourage black Zimbabweans make dem violently seize white-owned farms. Na chow production be severely impacted, wey lead to famine, economic decline, den foreign sanctions. Na opposition to Mugabe grow, buh na dem re-elect am insyd 2002, 2008, den 2013 thru campaigns wey be dominated by violence, electoral fraud, den nationalistic appeals to ein rural Shona voter base. Insyd 2017, na members of ein party oust am insyd a coup, wey dem replace am plus former vice pee Emmerson Mnangagwa.

Having dominated Zimbabwe ein politics for nearly four decades, na Mugabe be a controversial figure. Na dem praise am as a revolutionary hero of de African liberation struggle wey help free Zimbabwe from British colonialism, imperialism, den white minority rule. Na critics accuse Mugabe of he be a dictator responsible for economic mismanagement den widespread corruption den human rights abuses, wey dey include anti-white racism, crimes against humanity, den genocide.

Early life

Kiddie time: 1924–1945

Na dem born Robert Gabriel Mugabe on 21 February 1924 at de Kutama Mission village insyd Southern Rhodesia ein Zvimba District. Na ein poppie, Gabriel Matibiri, be a carpenter while na ein mommie Bona be a Christian catechist for de village kiddies. Na dem be trained insyd dema professions by de Jesuits, de Roman Catholic religious order wich na dem establish de mission. Na Bona den Gabriel get six kiddies: Miteri (Michael), Raphael, Robert, Dhonandhe (Donald), Sabina, den Bridgette. Na dem belong to de Zezuru clan, one of de smallest branches of de Shona tribe. Na Mugabe ein paternal grandpoppie be Chief Constantine Karigamombe, alias "Matibiri", a powerful figure wey serve King Lobengula insyd de 19th century. Thru ein poppie, na he claim membership of de chieftaincy family wey na provide de hereditary rulers of Zvimba for generations.

Jesuits be strict people wey dey follow rules well well, and under dem influence, Mugabe fit develop strong self-discipline plus e become die-hard Catholic. E dey shine for school, as he be quiet pikinTemplate:Sfnm wey no too like play ball or dey mix with other children.Template:Sfnm Dem plenty children dey mock am, dem dey see am as coward plus mama pikin.

Around 1930, Gabriel vex with one Jesuit wey dey there, and e cause make dem kick the Mugabe family comot from di mission village, wetin di French leader, Father Jean-Baptiste Loubière, manage do. Dem family go settle for one village wey dey about 11 kilometers (7 miles) away; di pikin dem fit stay for di mission primary school, dey live with relatives for Kutama during school time, and dey go back to their papa house for weekends. At dat time, Robert elder brother, Raphael, die, e fit be say na diarrhoea kill am. Early 1934, Robert other elder brother, Michael, come die too, after e chop maize wey dem poison.Template:Sfnm Later for di same year, Gabriel waka go Bulawayo to find work. Template:Sfnm Him finally leave Bona plus dem six pikin, go start relationship with another woman, wey he get three more pickins with.

Loubière die quick quick, den dem bring one Irishman, Father Jerome O'Hea come take over, wey dey welcome Mugabe family back to Kutama. O'Hea no be like dem racists for Southern Rhodesian society, him dey preach say everybody be equal for Kutama Mission.Template:Sfnm O'Hea take care of young Mugabe; just before him die for 1970, him talk say Mugabe get 'exceptional mind plus heart'.Template:Sfnm E help Mugabe get Christian education, plus e dey teach am about de Irish War of Independence wey Irish people overturn British rulers.Template:Sfnm After dem finish six years for primary school, for 1941 dem give Mugabe chance go teacher training for Kutama College. E mama no fit pay sch fees, so e grandpapa plus O'Hea help small.Template:Sfnm As part of dis learning, Mugabe begin teach for him old school, dey collect £2 every month wey e use support him family.Template:Sfnm For 1944, Gabriel come back Kutama with him three piccins, but e die quick quick after, leave Robert to carry money matter for him three siblings plus three half-siblings.Template:Sfnm After e don get teaching diploma, Mugabe come waka go Kutama for 1945.

University education plus teaching work: 1945 to 1960

For di next years, Mugabe dey teach for different schools around Southern Rhodesia,Template:Sfnm one of dem be Dadaya Mission school for Shabani.Template:Sfnm No be any proof say Mugabe dey do politics that time, plus e no join di 1948 general strike for di country. For 1949, e win scholarship to go study for University of Fort Hare for South Africa Eastern Cape.Template:Sfnm There, e join di African National Congress youth league (ANCYL)Template:Sfnm plus dey go African nationalist meetings, where e meet plenty Jewish South African communists wey show am Marxist ideas.Template:Sfnm E later talk say even though e don see plenty Marxism, di biggest wahala wey influence am na wetin Mahatma Gandhi do during di Indian independence movement.Template:Sfnm For 1952, e comot university with Bachelor of Arts degree for history and English literature.Template:Sfnm For later years, e go talk say im time for Fort Hare na di 'turning point' for im life.

Mugabe de get inspiration by de example way Ghana's Kwame Nkrumah set.

Mugabe come back to Southern Rhodesia for 1952,Template:Sfnm dem say by dat time, he don dey 'completely vex' wit the colonial system. Him first job na teacher for Driefontein Roman Catholic Mission School wey dey near Umvuma.Template:Sfnm For 1953, he shift go Highfield Government School inside Salisbury's Harari township, and for 1954, he go Mambo Township Government School for Gwelo. As e dey learn, him gather Bachelor of Education degree through distance learning from University of South Africa,Template:Sfnm plus order some Marxist books—like Karl Marx's Capital plus Friedrich Engels' The Condition of the Working Class in England—from one London mail-order company.Template:Sfnm Although e dey feel politics, he no dey join any political movement. E join plenti inter-racial groups, like the Capricorn Africa Society, wey him fit mix with both black and white Rhodesians. Guy Clutton-Brock wey sabi Mugabe through this group talk say him be 'extraordinary young man' wey fit dey 'small cold at times' but fit yarn about Elvis Presley or Bing Crosby just like politics.Template:Sfnm

From 1955 to 1958, Mugabe dey live for Northern Rhodesia, where e dey work for Chalimbana Teacher Training College for Lusaka.Template:Sfnm There, e continue im education, dey hustle for second degree by correspondence, dis time na Bachelor of Administration from University of London International Programmes through distance learning.Template:Sfnm For Northern Rhodesia, Emmerson Mnangagwa family take am in small, and Mugabe inspire am to join liberation movement, wey later make am President of Zimbabwe. In 1958, Mugabe move go Ghana to work for St Mary's Teacher Training College for Takoradi.Template:Sfnm E teach for Apowa Secondary School too, for Takoradi, after im collect im local certificate for Achimota College (1958–1960), where e meet im first wife, Sally Hayfron. According to Mugabe, “I go Ghana as adventure. I go wan see how e go be for independent African state. Ghana be di first African country wey get independence from European colonial powers, and under Kwame Nkrumah, dem do plenty African nationalist reforms; Mugabe dey enjoy for dis level.Template:Sfnm As he dey teach, Mugabe still dey attend Kwame Nkrumah Ideological Institute for Winneba.Template:Sfnm Later, he talk say na Ghana him finally embrace Marxism.Template:Sfnm He also start relationship with Hayfron wey dey work for di college and dey share same political gist.Template:Sfnm

Revolutionary activity

Early political career: 1960–1963

As Mugabe dey teach for abroad, one anti-colonialist African nationalist movement don start for Southern Rhodesia. E begin with Joshua Nkomo own Southern Rhodesia African National Congress wey dem set up for September 1957 but dem ban am for February 1959.Template:Sfnm SRANC later turn to National Democratic Party (NDP), wey dem establish for January 1960.Template:Sfnm For May 1960, Mugabe come back Southern Rhodesia, carry Hayfron follow am.Template:Sfnm Dem plan say their visit go short, but Mugabe padi, the African nationalist Leopold Takawira, dey push dem make dem stay.

Joshua Nkomo be one of de top people wey dey fight against white minority rule for Southern Rhodesia.

For July 1960, Takawira plus two other NDP guys dem catch am; as protest, Mugabe join one demo wey get 7,000 people wey wan waka from Highfield go Prime Minister office for Salisbury. Riot police come stop the demo outside Stoddart Hall for Harare township.Template:Sfnm By lunchtime de next day, crowd don grow reach 40,000 and dem don set small stage for speakers. As he dey respected well well, with him three degrees and him travel enter abroad, Mugabe come be one of de people wey dey invite make e talk to de crowd.Template:Sfnm After this wahala, Mugabe choose say him go do activism full-time, so he gree resign from him teaching work for Ghana (after two years out of the four-year contract). He be chair for de first NDP congress wey happen for October 1960, plus Herbert Chitepo help am with de procedures. Mugabe na him wey dem elect as the party's publicity secretary.Template:Sfnm He sabi say if e fit use emotions well, e go make de NDP find more support from everybody by connecting to traditional culture values. E help form NDP Youth Wing plus e encourage make dem add ancestral prayers, traditional clothes, and female ululation for dem meetings. For February 1961, e marry Hayfron for church wey dem do for Salisbury; she don convert to Catholicism to make am fit happen.Template:Sfnm

Di British government hold Salisbury conference for 1961 make dem decide di future of Southern Rhodesia. Nkomo carry NDP people come, dem dey hope say British go support make dem fit get independent state wey black people go govern. But di white minority wey dey control di government no gree, dem wan continue di white rule. After dem negotiate, Nkomo agree for proposal wey go give black population 15 out of 65 seats for di parliament. Mugabe plus di others for NDP dey vex well well for Nkomo compromise.Template:Sfnm After di conference, Southern Rhodesia African nationalist movement scatter well well. Mugabe dey talk for plenty NDP rallies before government ban di party for December 1961.Template:Sfnm Many of dem members come together again as Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU) some days later,Template:Sfnm and dem appoint Mugabe as ZAPU publicity secretary and general secretary.

Racial wahala dey grow for di country, as vexed black Africans dey target di white people. Mugabe believe say dis kind gbege be necessary for dem to chop down British colonial power and white minority rule. Dis one different from wetin Nkomo dey talk, wey e believe say African nationalists suppose focus on international talk make di British government fit grant dem wetin dem dey ask. Nine months after dem start ZAPU, di government also ban am,Template:Sfnm plus for September 1962, Mugabe plus some senior party guys dey arrested plus dem lock dem for their home area for three months.Template:Sfnm Mugabe plus him wife dey wahala with law; dem charge am for talk wey fit cause problem for public speech, and dem give am bail before trial.Template:Sfnm Hayfron don get two years prison time—dem suspend am for 15 months—after she talk say British Queen Elizabeth II fit go hell.Template:Sfnm

Europeans must realise that unless the legitimate demands of African nationalism are recognised, then racial conflict is inevitable.

— Mugabe, early 1960sTemplate:Sfnm

— Mugabe, early 1960sAfrican nationalism dey rise, so white people for Southern Rhodesia no gree, dem vote for Rhodesian Front for December 1962 election. Di new government wan make sure say white people still dey rule by securing everywhere and cut UK ties.Template:Sfnm Mugabe gather him guys for him house for Highbury, Salisbury, talk say since dem dey ban political wahala, e time to pick up arms. Him plus dem no gree Nkomo plan to set up government for exile for Dar es Salaam.Template:Sfnm Him plus Hayfron run away from bail go one ZAPU meeting for Tanganyika city.Template:Sfnm There, di party leaders meet Tanganyika president, Julius Nyerere. E talk say make dem no dey think about government for exile, make ZAPU plan dem resistance against di white minority rule for Southern Rhodesia directly.Template:Sfnm

For August, Hayfron born Mugabe pikin, dem name am Nhamodzenyika, wey mean say 'suffering country' for Shona.Template:Sfnm Mugabe talk say she for carry dia pikin go Ghana, as e dey plan go back Southern Rhodesia.Template:Sfnm For there, some African nationalists wey no dey support Nkomo don form new party, wey dem call Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) for August; Ndabaningi Sithole be di president of di group, and dem make Mugabe di secretary-general even though e no dey there.Template:Sfnm Nkomo no slack, e form him own group wey dem dey call People's Caretaker Council, wey people sabi call ZAPU after di old one. ZAPU and ZANU dey clash, wahala start as dem dey fight each other.

Imprisonment: 1963–1975

Dem arrest Mugabe when e waka come back to Southern Rhodesia for December 1963. Di trial last from January reach March 1964, and him no gree to take back di strong words wey e don talk before.Template:Sfnm For March 1964, dem give am sentence of 21 months for insyde prison. Mugabe first dey for Salisbury Maximum Security Prison, before dem carry am go Wha Wha detention centre and later to Sikombela detention centre for Que Que.Template:Sfnm For dat place, e organize study classes for di inmates, teach dem basic reading, maths, and English.Template:Sfnm Some nice black warders dey sneak message from Mugabe and other ZANU committee members go to di activists outside de prison. As di executive talk am, ZANU activist Herbert Chitepo don gather small guerrilla force for Lusaka. For April 1966, di group try to destroy power pylons for Sinoia but e no work; den later attack one white man farm near Hartley, kill di people wey dey there. Di government come respond by returning ZANU executive members, including Mugabe, go Salisbury Prison for 1966.Template:Sfnm For there, forty prisoners dey split among four communal cells, plenty of dem dey sleep for concrete floor because crowd too much; Mugabe dey share him cell with Sithole, Enos Nkala, plus Edgar Tekere. E dey there for eight years, focusing on reading plus studying. During dis time, e collect more degrees from University of London: one masters for economics, one bachelor for administration, plus two law degrees.Template:Sfnm

While Mugabe was imprisoned, Ian Smith became leader of Rhodesia.

While dem dey hold Mugabe for prison, e hear say him pikin don die from some brain illness wen e be three years old. E dey feel bad well well and e ask make dem gree am make e go see him wife for Ghana. E no fit forgive dem wey refuse am this chance.Template:Sfnm People wey sabi am for that time talk say dem dey use both physical plus mental torture on top am while e dey prison. According to Father Emmanuel Ribeiro wey be Mugabe priest at that time, Mugabe survive the wahala "small-small through him spiritual strength" but plus say him "real strength na study plus helping other people to learn".

When dem lock Mugabe inside prison, for August 1964, the Rhodesian Front government—wey Ian Smith dey run am—ban ZANU and ZAPU, plus dem arrest all di other leaders wey dey fight for African nationalist movement for di country.Template:Sfnm Smith government do one-sided independence declaration from UK for November 1965, change Southern Rhodesia name to Rhodesia; but UK no gree accept am and put economic sanctions on demma country.Template:Sfnm

For 1972, African nationalists start one guerrilla war against Smith government.Template:Sfnm Dem call am the 'Second Chimurenga'.Template:Sfnm Some paramilitary groups dey camp for neighbor country like Tanzania and Zambia; plenty of their fighters no get beta arms plus training. ZANU military side, wey dem dey call Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army (ZANLA), na mostly Shona people dey. Dem dey operate from Mozambique and dem sabi collect money from China. ZAPU military side, wey be Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA), na Soviet Union dey fund dem, dem dey based for Zambia, and plenty of dem be Ndebele people.Template:Sfnm

Mugabe plus di oda big men for ZANU dey doubt Sithole leadership more and more, dem feel say hin dey vex too much plus no dey reason well. For October 1968, Sithole try sneak message come out prison wey tell ZANU boys make dem kill Smith. Dem catch hin plan, and dem carry am go court for January 1969; hin dey fear say dem go give am death sentence, so hin talk say e no go use any violence again and e don change hin mind from wetin e dey believe before.Template:Sfnm Mugabe no waste time, e call Sithole 'betrayer' for abandoning ZANU matter, and di executive take vote remove am as ZANU President, choose Mugabe to take him place.Template:Sfnm For November 1974, di ZANU executive vote suspend Sithole membership from di group.Template:Sfnm

Dem dey fear say guerrilla war go spread go South, so South Africa government dey pressure Rhodesia make dem move quick for détente with the moderate black governments for Zambia and Tanzania. For this matter, Smith government agree make dem release some black revolutionaries wey they don lock up for long time.Template:Sfnm After almost eleven years for inside prison, dem release Mugabe for November 1974.Template:Sfnm E go stay with im sister Sabina for im house for Highfield township. E dey plan to join ZANU forces and jump into the guerrilla war, sabi say to control ZANU, e go need to command ZANLA. Dis one dey hard because of wahala wey dey inside the paramilitary group, mostly between Manyika and Karange people wey be Shona.

Guerrilla war: 1975–1979

De flag of de Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU)

For March 1975, Mugabe decide say e go waka from Rhodesia go Mozambique, him wan take charge of ZANU guerrilla fight. After dem arrest him padi Maurice Nyagumbo, him dey fear same thing fit happen to am but Ribeiro hide am from the police. Ribeiro and one good-hearted nun come help am and Edgar Tekere carry dem self enter Mozambique without wahala.Template:Sfnm Mugabe dey stay for exile for two years. Mozambique wey get Marxist President Samora Machel no too sure about Mugabe leadership skills, e no sabi if to fit recognize am as ZANU real leader. Machel give am house for Quelimane but e dey under small house arrest, Mugabe need permission if e wan travel.Template:Sfnm E go take almost one year before Machel go accept say Mugabe be ZANU leader.

Mugabe waka go different ZANLA camps for Mozambique make him build support from di officers dem. By mid-1976, e don secure loyalty from ZANLA military commanders and don turn be di main guerrilla leader wey dey fight Smith regime. For August 1977, dem officially declare am ZANU President for one meeting wey dem hold for Chimoio.Template:Sfnm During di war, Mugabe no trust plenti of ZANLA commanders and even lock some of dem up. For 1977, e lock im former second-in-command, Wilfred Mhanda, because dem suspect am of disloyalty. After Josiah Tongogara die for car accident for 1979, dem talk say Mugabe fit get small hand for di matter; but all di gossips no get proof.Template:Sfnm

Mugabe dey chill for di daily military wahala wey ZANLA dey do, he leave am for Tongogara make e handle am. For January 1976, ZANLA begin dem first big infiltration from Mozambique, nearly 1000 guerrillas cross di border come attack white people farm and shops.Template:Sfnm As response, Smith government call all men wey be under 35 make dem join army, so Rhodesian army grow by 50%.Template:Sfnm ZANLA attack make plenty white landowners run away from dem farms; di black workers wey no get work join ZANLA by di thousands. By 1979, ZANLA don fit attack plenty Rhodesian cities. As di war dey go, at least 30,000 people don die. For di total people wey dey, di whites get plenty fatalities, plus towards di end of di decade, di guerrillas dey win.

Mugabe insyde meeting with Romanian communist leader Nicolae Ceaușescu for 1976

Mugabe dey focus on propaganda war, him dey make speeches plus dey do radio broadcasts regular. For dem talks, him dey show say him be Marxist-Leninist, dey talk well about revolutionaries like Vladimir Lenin, Joseph Stalin, plus Fidel Castro. Even though him get Marxist views, him meetings with Soviet representatives no gree be productive, because dem go always talk say Nkomo go lead the revolutionary struggle.Template:Sfnm But him relationship with China dey sweet pass, as the Chinese Maoist government dey supply ZANLA arms without any wahala. Him also dey look for support from Western countries, dey visit embassies for Mozambique, plus travel go both Western places like Italy plus Switzerland plus Marxist countries like Soviet Union, China, North Korea, Vietnam, plus Cuba.Template:Sfnm

Mugabe talk say make dem touch Rhodesia wey be mostly white government, make dem deal with Smith and him 'criminal gang', take over white people land, and turn Rhodesia to one-party Marxist state. E sabi call for violence against white people wey dey there, e dey call white Rhodesians 'blood-sucking exploiters', 'sadistic killers', and 'hard-core racists'. One time for 1978 wey e dey talk for radio, Mugabe yan: 'Make we hammer [the white man] make e gree defeat. Make we blow e stronghold. Make we no gree am rest. Make we chase am for every corner. Make we clear our home of this settler vermin.' For Mugabe, armed struggle be crucial for forming new state. Unlike other black leaders like Nkomo, Mugabe no gree make peace with Smith’s government. But for October 1976, ZANU join forces with ZAPU wey dem call Patriotic Front.Template:Sfnm Then for September 1978, Mugabe plus Nkomo meet for Lusaka. Mugabe vex well well for how Nkomo dey try negotiate with Smith insyde secret.

Lancaster House Agreement: 1979

Smith start dey notice say na di end when South African PM B. J. Vorster talk say white minority rule no fit last for place wey black people dey plenty pass white people 22:1. Vorster pressure am, and Smith gree say dem no go fit hold di rule forever. E supervise di 1979 election wey Abel Muzorewa, one calm black bishop, come win as PM for di new Zimbabwe Rhodesia. ZANU and ZAPU no join di election, plus dem no recognize am for di international level.Template:Sfnm For di Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting for 1979 wey happen for Lusaka, UK PM Margaret Thatcher shock everybody as she talk say di UK go recognize di country independence if dem fit change to democratic majority rule.

Lancaster House for London's St James's district

Dem dey negotiate for Lancaster House for London, led by Conservative Party man Peter Carington. Mugabe no wan show for the London peace talks, he dey against di idea wey dem fit talk am out instead make dem go war for Rhodesian War.Template:Sfnm Machel insist say he gatz show face, if not he go stop Mozambique support for ZANU-PF.Template:Sfnm Mugabe land for London September 1979.Template:Sfnm For there, him and Nkomo dey act like dem be part of di 'Patriotic Front' but dem set different base for di city.Template:Sfnm For di conference, dem two get different mind; Nkomo wan show say e be moderate, but Mugabe dey hype him as Marxist revolutionary, and Carrington dey use dat divide. Throughout di negotiations, Mugabe no trust di British, e believe say dem dey use di matter for dem own gain.Template:Sfnm

Di Lancaster House Agreement wey come after, talk say all di people wey dey fight for di Rhodesian Bush War go enter ceasefire. Dem bring British governor, Christopher Soames, come Rhodesia make e oversee election wey different groups go fit compete as political parties.Template:Sfnm E talk say dem go change Rhodesia name to Zimbabwe, wey dem take from di Great Zimbabwe archaeological site from Iron Age.Template:Sfnm Di agreement sef make sure say di white people for di country still get plenty economic and political power, dem go get 20 seats for di new Parliament for whites.Template:Sfnm Carington sabi say black people suppose get di majority government, so e fit convince Mugabe make e agree on di other big matter for di conference, wey be land ownership. Mugabe gree say dem go protect di white people wey get property, but e talk say UK and U.S. go fit help dem with money to buy land for di black people. Mugabe no too like di idea of ceasefire, but Machel push am small, so e gree. Mugabe sign di agreement, but e dey feel say dem cheat am, e still dey vex say e no fit win military fight against di Rhodesian forces.Template:Sfnm

Electoral campaign: 1980

Wen Mugabe come back to Salisbury for January 1980, crowd wey dey support am gather well well.Template:Sfnm E settle down for one house for Mount Pleasant, wey be rich area wey plenty white people dey.Template:Sfnm Machel don warn Mugabe say make e no push Rhodesia white people away, because any white people wey go fit run after election go cause economic damages like wetin happen for Mozambique.Template:Sfnm So, for him campaign, Mugabe no use Marxist plus revolutinary talk. E talk say for election, ZANU go be separate party from ZAPU, and e refuse Nkomo wey want meet am. Template:SfnmSo, e come turn ZANU to political party known as Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front (ZANU–PF). Dem predict say ZANU-PF go win di election based on di ethnic divide wey dey for di country. Mugabe na Shona, and dem be like 70% of di population, while Nkomo na Ndebele, wey only be like 20%. For plenty people wey dey amongst di white community and di British government, dis outcome no be joke at all because of Mugabe strong Marxist beliefs and di hot talk wey e don talk about whites during di guerrilla war.

For the campaign, Mugabe dodge two attempts to kill am. First one happen for 6 February when dem throw grenade for him house for Mount Pleasant, e blow for garden wall.Template:Sfnm Second one be for 10 February, where roadside bomb blow near him motorcade as he dey waka from Fort Victoria rally. Thank God, Mugabe no get any harm.Template:Sfnm Him blame Rhodesian security forces for the attacks. To stop dem from doing coup wey fit spoil election, Mugabe go meet Peter Walls, wey be commander of Rhodesian army, ask am to stay for in position if ZANU–PF win. But Walls no gree at that time.

Di electoral campaign dey shake well, as plenty people dey fear to vote, na Nkomo ZAPU, Abel Muzorewa UANC, plus Mugabe ZANU–PF dey do am. Template:SfnmNkomo talk say, "intimidation no even fit describe am well. People dey fear for their life. Na real terror be this." When Mugabe hear say ZANU–PF dey terrorize voters, Soames call am for Government House. Mugabe see di meeting as British fit to scatter him electoral campaign. Soames get power to throw any political party wey dey do voter intimidation away. Nkomo, Muzorewa, plus some advisers beg Soames make he disqualify ZANU–PF. But after he reason am, Soames no agree, him believe say ZANU–PF go surely win di election, and disqualifying dem go spoil any chance for smooth power change.

For February election, ZANU–PF collect 63% of di votes, dem take 57 out of di 80 seats wey dem give black parties, so dem get majority sha.Template:Sfnm ZAPU gather 20 seats, den UANC get three. Mugabe become MP for Salisbury area of Highfield. To cool down panic and stop white people from dey run, Mugabe show face for TV talk say make everybody join hand, make peace dey, and law follow. Him still talk say white civil servants go collect dem pension and dem go protect private property.Template:Sfnm

Prime Minister of Zimbabwe: 1980–1987

Statues dey on top di tomb of di Unknown Soldier for Heroes' Acre; di monument na design by North Korean architects wey report straight to Mugabe.

Southern Rhodesia get im international independence for 18 April 1980. Mugabe swear in as di first Prime Minister of di new country shortly after midnight. E give speech for Rufaro Stadium inside Salisbury, talk say dem go change Rhodesia name to "Zimbabwe" plus promise say e go bring everybody together. Soames help Mugabe make di power change no wahala; Mugabe dey grateful, e dey call Soames good friend. Mugabe try make Soames stay for Zimbabwe for more years,Template:Sfnm but e no fit convince UK to take two years to help him government because plenty ZANU–PF guys no get enough experience. ZANU–PF get dem own majority so dem fit rule alone, but Mugabe gather all di rival party members same make dem join im cabinet. Mugabe move enter Premier house for Salisbury, e leave am just as Smith arrange am.

Mugabe plus US president Ronald Reagan for 1983

For di whole country, dem don remove statues of Cecil Rhodes, plus everywhere wey dem name after colonial big men, dem don change am to black nationalists names. For 1982, Salisbury don change to Harare.Template:Sfnm Mugabe carry North Korean architects come design Heroes' Acre, wey be monument for western Harare to remember di fight against minority rule. Zimbabwe still dey get plenty help from Western countries, wey dem government hope say if Zimbabwe stable and dey prosper, e go help South Africa move from apartheid and minority rule. Di United States come give Zimbabwe $25 million aid for three years. UK dey finance land reform program, plus dem dey provide military advisers to help join di guerrilla armies plus di old Rhodesian security forces for new Zimbabwe army.Template:Sfnm Members of ZANLA and ZIPRA dey join army; but di rivalry between dem still dey strong.Template:Sfnm As Prime Minister, Mugabe still keep Walls as di head of di armed forces.Template:Sfnm

Mugabe government dey always talk say dem wan turn Zimbabwe into socialist society. But e be different from wetin Mugabe dey yan. E budget policies dey conservative, e dey work under capitalist level and e dey need foreign investment. When e dey power, Mugabe wan change small small from capitalism plus try build on top wetin dey already. From 1980 to 1990, economy dey grow average 2.7% every year, but population dey increase pass am and real income dey fall. De unemployment rate come rose, reach 26% for 1990. Government dey carry budget deficit every year wey dey average 10% of de country's gross domestic product. Under Mugabe leadership, education plus health spending taste big wahala. For 1980, Zimbabwe get only 177 secondary schools, but by 2000, e don rise to 1,548. During that time, adult literacy rate rise from 62% to 82%, one of de highest for Africa. Child immunization level raise from 25% of de population to 92%.

New leadership crew don form wey dey show dem status by buying big houses and expensive cars, carry dem pikin go private schools, plus dey do farms den businesses. For 1984, Mugabe come bring leadership code wey say nobody wey senior fit collect more than one salary or own over 50 acres of agricultural land. But some people get exceptions, like General Solomon Mujuru wey Mugabe gree make e expand him business, wey make am one of the richest for Zimbabwe. De corruption wey dey among this elite dey make plenty people wey dey suffer for poverty vex.

Mugabe departing Andrews Air Force Base after a state visit to the United States in 1983

ZANU–PF start dey build dia own biz empire, dem create M&S Syndicate for 1980 and Zidoo Holdings for 1981. By 1992, the party don get assets and businesses worth Z$500 million (US$75 million). For 1980, ZANU–PF use Nigerian money to set up Mass Media Trust, wey dem take buy South African company wey get plenty of Zimbabwe newspapers.Template:Sfnm Di white editors for di papers wey dem sack, dem replace dem with government people.Template:Sfnm Dis media don become way wey di party dey push dem propaganda.Template:Sfnm

When dem gain independence, 39% of Zimbabwe land dey for about 6000 white farmers wey dey do big business, while 4% belong to black small-small farmers, plus 41% na 'communal land' wey 4 million people dey live for insyde am, mostly for cramped conditions. Di Lancaster House agreement talk say until 1990, dem fit sell land only if dem dey do 'willing seller-willing buyer.' Only time dem fit take am by force na if di land dey 'underutilized' or e dey needed for public use, then government fit buy am den gree pay di owner well. Dis one mean say Mugabe government no fit buy beta land plenty. Dem target na to resettle 18,000 black families for 2.5 million acres of white-owned land in three years. Dis go cost £30 million (US$60 million), half dey come from UK government like wetin di Lancaster House Agreement talk.

For 1986, Mugabe take chair for Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) go till 1989. As leader of one of the Front Line States wey dey around apartheid South Africa, e gain respect for de anti-apartheid movement.

Race relations

The wrongs of the past must now stand forgiven and forgotten. If ever we look to the past, let us do so for the lesson the past has taught us, namely that oppression and racism are inequalities that must never find scope in our political and social system. It could never be a correct justification that just because the whites oppressed us yesterday when they had power, the blacks must oppress them today because they have power. An evil remains an evil whether practised by white against black or black against white.

— Mugabe's speech after his 1980 victory

Mugabe at first dey talk say make we reconcile racially, e wan build better relationship with white Zimbabweans.Template:Sfnm E no wan make dem run away, so e dey try calm dem wey dey fear say e go take demma property. E come appoint two white ministers—David Smith and Denis Norman—join im government,Template:Sfnm meet with white leaders for agriculture, industry, mining, plus commerce,Template:Sfnm plus e impress senior people like Smith and Ken Flower with how e dey sincere.Template:Sfnm As de war finish, petrol dey scarce, plus dem place sanctions, life for white Zimbabweans fit better small for early days of Mugabe reign. For de economic boom wey come after, na de white minority—wey hold plenty land plus dominate business, industry, plus bank—be di main people wey chop better for di country.

But plenty white Zimbabweans dey complain say dem be victims of racial wahala. Plenty whites no dey feel safe for black Marxist government, dem dey fear say their pikin go fit get job. E get many people wey dey waka go South Africa, for 1980, 17,000 whites, like one out of ten white Zimbabweans, don pack leave.Template:Sfnm Mugabe government promise say dem go support African National Congress and other anti-apartheid people for South Africa, but dem no wan make dem use Zimbabwe as demma base for military wahala. To protest apartheid and white minority rule for South Africa, Mugabe government ban Zimbabwe from any sports competition with South Africa. As e be so, South Africa dey try scatter Zimbabwe, dey block trade routes come de country plus dey support anti-Mugabe fighters among de white minority.Template:Sfnm

Mugabe for de Netherlands, 1982

For December 1981, bomb land for ZANU–PF headquarters, e kill seven plus injure 124 people.For December 1981, bomb land for ZANU–PF headquarters, e kill seven and injure 124 people. Mugabe blame di white militants wey South Africa dey back. E come talk say some people wey no want make things better inside di white community dey create wahala. Dem no face any punishment for wetin dem don do before, but dem no gree make peace and dem dey join hands with South Africa to scatter our relationship, destroy our unity, mess up our economy, and push out di government wey people vote for. E dey vex say dem dey blame di militants but also di whole white community wey dey hold all di economic power for Zimbabwe. Dis one be wetin plenty government people and di media wey government dey control dey talk too. One minister wey dem call Tekere, don waka go do something wey no too fine. Him and seven armed guys burst one white man farmhouse, kill old farmer; dem talk say dem dey stop coup attempt. Tekere no go jail for murder; but Mugabe come remove am for him cabinet.

Racial wahala plus suspicion dey increase plenty. For December 1981, the old white MP Wally Stuttaford com get accusation say e be South African agent, dem arrest am, and dem torture am, this one make white people vex.Template:Sfnm For July 1982, white militants wey South Africa support destroy 13 aircraft for Thornhill. Some white military officers dey accuse of wahala, dem catch dem and torture dem. Dem put dem for trial but judges clear dem, after dem arrest dem again.Template:Sfnm Their case make international noise, but Mugabe no gree, e talk say na sekof dem be white dem dey pay attention.Template:Sfnm E defend the torture and no respect legal matters, this one spoil him international standing.Template:Sfnm White people dey waka commot, and within three years of Mugabe as boss, half of white Zimbabweans don travel go abroad.Template:Sfnm For 1985 election, Smith's Conservative Alliance of Zimbabwe win 15 out of the 20 seats wey dem share for white Zimbabweans. Mugabe dey vex about this result,Template:Sfnm e dey insult white Zimbabweans say dem no show any remorse by still dey support Smith and other white politicians wey don do bad things to Zimbabwe people.

Relations with ZAPU plus de Gukurahundi

Main article: Gukurahundi

ZAPU flag dey, but ZANU-PF don almost wipe am out for Gukurahundi.

For di new constitution, Zimbabwe presidency be just for show, no power dey; di first President be Canaan Banana. Mugabe don offer di position to Nkomo before, but Nkomo no gree, e prefer become Minister of Home Affairs.Template:Sfnm As dem dey work together, tension dey boil between Mugabe plus Nkomo. Mugabe give ZAPU four cabinet seats, but Nkomo dey demand more. Meanwhile, some ZANU–PF guys dey talk say ZAPU no suppose get any seat for government, dem wan turn Zimbabwe into one-party state. Tekere and Enos Nkala no gree make dem slack, dem wan make dem bring ZAPU down hard. One time, Nkala talk say make dem crush ZAPU fast-fas for rally wey dem do for Entumbane, wahala burst for street between di two parties.Template:Sfnm

January 1981, Mugabe don demote Nkomo for cabinet reshuffle; Nkomo don warn say this go vex ZAPU supporters.Template:Sfnm Insyde february, wahala start between ZAPU and ZANU–PF supporters for Ntabazinduna battalion, e spread go other army bases, wey 300 people die. Dem find arms stash wey get land mines and anti-aircraft missiles for Ascot Farm, wey Nkomo get part. Mugabe yan say this na proof say ZAPU dey plan coup, but Nkomo no gree.Template:Sfnm E compare Nkomo to 'cobra for house', then Mugabe fire am from government, plus ZAPU businesses, farms, plus property dem collect all.Template:Sfnm

Members of ZANLA and ZIPRA don waka comot from demma post plus start dey do banditry. For Matabeleland, ZIPRA wey dem dey call 'dissenters' dey rob people, hold up buses, and dey attack farmhouses, make everywhere dey lawless small-small.Template:Sfnm Dem dissenters dey get support from South Africa through Operation Mute, wey dem wan use scatter Zimbabwe more. The government dey mix ZIPRA with the dissenters, but Nkomo no gree for the dissenters and dem South African supporters. Mugabe let police and army dey work on Matabeleland dissenters, talk say state officers go dey enjoy legal immunity for any 'extra-legal' wahala dem fit cause. For 1982, e don set up 5th Brigade, Zimbabwean army wey North Koreans train; dem mostly dey pull Shona-speaking ZANLA soldiers and dem dey report straight to Mugabe.Template:Sfnm For January 1983, dem send 5th Brigade go that area, dem dey monitor wahala wey involve beatings, fire burning, public kill, and plenty massacre for people wey dem accuse say dem be sympathetic with dissidents.Template:Sfnm Di level of violence pass wetin dem see for Rhodesian War. Dem set up place wey people dey torture like interrogation centres. Mugabe talk say civilians go suffer for di wahala, him go talk say "we no fit sabi who be dissident and who no be." Di matter wey follow come call am "Gukurahundi", wey be Shona word wey mean "wind wey go blow away di chaff before di rain start."

Gukurahundi happen for Zimbabwe west side, Matabeleland be di place wey e dey shine.

For 1984, Gukurahundi come Matabeleland South, where dem dey face drought for three years. 5th Brigade close all shops, stop all deliveries, and bring curfew, make hunger dey worse for two months.Template:Sfnm De Bishop for Bulawayo talk say Mugabe dey run sistematic hunger project. When Catholic group bring report wey show wetin 5th Brigade don do, Mugabe deny everything and accuse dem say dem no loyal to Zimbabwe. E suppress Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace for Zimbabwe. For 1985, Amnesty International report wey talk about Gukurahundi, Mugabe just dismiss am as “heap of lies.”Template:Sfnm For four years, about 10,000 civilians don die, plus plenty others wey don beat den torture.Template:Sfnm Genocide Watch later talk say about 20,000 people don die plus dem classify wetin happen as genocide.

Margaret Thatcher government wey dey UK sabi say dem dey kill people but dem no talk anything, dem dey fear make dem no vex Mugabe and put white Zimbabweans in wahala.Template:Sfnm De United States self no really talk strong, Ronald Reagan greet Mugabe for White House September 1983. October 1983, Mugabe go Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting for New Delhi, where no country talk about Gukurahundi. For 2000, Mugabe talk say dem mass killings happen, e say na ‘madness... e no right and both sides get blame.’ Him biographer Martin Meredith talk say na Mugabe and him ZANU–PF be de real problem for de massacre. Plenty biographers of Mugabe don see Gukurahundi as plan to finish ZAPU and dem supporters so he fit push him ZANU–PF one-party state.Template:Sfnm

As dem dey prepare for di 1985 election, more wahala show up, ZAPU supporters dey face wahala from ZANU–PF Youth League brigades. Even with all dis intimidation, ZAPU still carry all 15 parliamentary seats for Matabeleland. Den Mugabe come appoint Enos Nkala as di new police minister. Nkala come detain over 100 ZAPU officials, include five MPs and di Mayor of Bulawayo, stop dem from holding rally or meeting, lock all dem offices, and scatter all di district councils wey dem dey control. To avoid more wahala, for December 1987 Nkomo sign Unity Accord wey officially disband ZAPU plus merge dem leadership join ZANU–PF.Template:Sfnm Di merger make ZANU–PF get 99 out of 100 seats for parliament,Template:Sfnm plus e com turn Zimbabwe to one-party state wey no get competition.

President of Zimbabwe

Constitutional plus economic reform: 1987–1995

For late 1987, Zimbabwe parliament change di constitution. For 30 December, dem declare say Mugabe go be executive president, new position wey combine head of state, head of government, and commander-in-chief of di army.Template:Sfnm Dis position give am power to dissolve parliament, declare martial law, and run for as many terms as e want. According to Meredith, Mugabe don get “total control over government wahala and plenty chance to dey show patronage”. Di constitutional changes come remove di twenty seats wey dey reserved for white representatives,Template:Sfnm make parliament no dey relevant plus independent again.

For de 1990 election, dem do some parliamentary changes wey increase seats to 120; na twenty dem go appoint am by di President, and ten by di Council of Chiefs.Template:Sfnm Dis one make am hard for any bad belle wey wan oppose Mugabe to fit get majority for parliament. Di main opposition party for dat election na Zimbabwe Unity Movement (ZUM), wey Tekere launch for April 1989;Template:Sfnm even though him be long time friend of Mugabe, Tekere don dey accusation am sey him don betray di revolution and don set dictatorship. ZANU–PF propaganda sef dey throw threats against people wey dey think to vote ZUM; one TV advert show car crash picture and talk sey, 'Dis be one way to die. Another be to vote ZUM. No go kill yourself, vote ZANU-PF plus enjoy your life.' For di election, Mugabe win again as President with almost 80% of di votes, while ZANU–PF secure 116 out of 119 available parliamentary seats.Template:Sfnm

Mugabe been dey hope say e go turn Zimbabwe into one-party state, but for 1990, e come officially "postpone" dis plan as Mozambique and plenty Eastern Bloc countries dey change from one-party to multi-party republics. When Marxist-Leninist regimes for Soviet Union plus Eastern Bloc collapse, for 1991 ZANU–PF come remove any mention of "Marxism-Leninism" plus "scientific socialism" for dem materi; but Mugabe still talk say "socialism be our true ideology". Template:SfnmThat year, Mugabe come pledge say e go accept free market economics and follow structural adjustment plan wey IMF give am.Template:Sfnm Dis economic reform gist say Zimbabwe suppose privatise state assets plus reduce import tariffs; Mugabe government follow some of dem recommendations but no do all.Template:Sfnm Dis reforms dey make employers dey cut demma wages, wey dey cause plenty wahala from Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions.

As 1990 come, 52,000 black families don settle for 6.5 million acres. E no dey enough to handle the overcrowding wahala wey dey happen as black population dey grow. That year, Zimbabwe parliament pass law wey go allow government take land for fixed price, but dem go deny land-owners right to appeal for court. Government dey hope say if dem do am, dem go fit settle 110,000 black families for 13 million acres, wey mean say about half of all white-owned land go need to waka. Zimbabwe Commercial Farmers Union dey talk say this plan go spoil economy, dey suggest make government settle landless blacks for half-a-million acres wey no dey productive or state-owned.

UK, US, plus Catholic Commission for Justice den Peace no dey happy about de new law wey go deny people chance to appeal. Dem talk say if Zimbabwe go carry the law come, foreign aid no go come again from US, UK, IMF, and World Bank. As dem criticize am, government come remove the ban wey dey stop court appeals from the bill, then dem pass am into law. For the next few years, plenty acres wey mostly white people own dem collect am. April 1994, newspaper come do investigation, find out say no be all the land dem share to landless blacks; plenty land dey go rent for ministers and big men like Witness Mangwede, wey get 3000-acre farm for Hwedza.Template:Sfnm As dem see this wahala, UK government wey don provide £44 million for land distribution, come stop de money wey dem de pay.Template:Sfnm

For January 1992, Mugabe wife don die.Template:Sfnm For April 1995, Horizon magazine come drop bomb say Mugabe don dey chop him secretary Grace Marufu since 1987 plus she don born him one pikin boy den one pikin girl.Template:Sfnm As the secret don show, Mugabe decide say make him do big wedding wey everybody go sabi. 12,000 people dey yan go turn up for di August 1996 ceremony wey happen for Kutama, arranged by di head of di Roman Catholic Archbishop of Harare, Patrick Chakaipa.Template:Sfnm Di ceremony no sweet for di Catholic community becos of di wahala wey dey for Mugabe plus Marufu relationship.Template:Sfnm To prepare house for him family, Mugabe go build new mansion for Borrowdale. For di 1995 parliamentary election—wey plenty people no show face, just 31.7%—ZANU–PF collect 147 from 150 seats. After di election, Mugabe add him cabinet from 29 to 42 ministers while di government run 133% salary increase for di MPs.

Economic decline: 1995–2000

By the mid-1990s Mugabe had become an irascible and petulant dictator, brooking no opposition, contemptuous of the law and human rights, surrounded by sycophantic ministers and indifferent to the incompetence and corruption around him. His record of economic management was lamentable. He had failed to satisfy popular expectations in education, health, land reform, and employment. And he had alienated the entire white community. Yet all the while Mugabe continued to believe in his own greatness. Isolated and remote from ordinary reality, possessing no close friends and showing clear signs of paranoia, he listened only to an inner circle of conspiratorial aides and colleagues. Whatever difficulties occurred he attributed to old enemies—Britain, the West, the old Rhodesian network—all bent, he believed, on destroying his "revolution".

— Mugabe biographer Martin Meredith

For during de 1990s, Zimbabwe economy dey fall serious. By 2000, life no be as e dey before since 1980; people dey live shorter, wage dey low, and joblessness don triples. By 1998, almost 50% people dey jobless. As at 2009, over three million Zimbabweans—most of di skilled workers—don waka comot for di country. For 1997, plenty people dey shout for pension from dem wey fight in di guerrilla wars, plus for August 1997, Mugabe arrange pension package wey go cost di country Z$4.2 billion.Template:Sfnm To settle dis pension matter, Mugabe government come propose fresh taxes, but dem call general strike for December 1997 to protest; even ZANU–PF self dey vex, Mugabe government come comot di taxes.Template:Sfnm For January 1998, wahala about food no dey happen for Harare; dem send soldiers come make e fit restore order, at least ten people don die plus plenty injure.Template:Sfnm

Mugabe dey blame di country's wahala for economy on di Western nations and di white Zimbabwean minority, wey still dey control plenty of di farming, mines, plus manufacturing industries.Template:Sfnm He tell hin supporters make dem 'strike fear for di hearts of di white man, our true enemy', plus he dey accuse hin black opponents say dem be just puppets for di whites. As opposition plenty for inside hin government, he still dey determined to hold power tight. He bring back di usual revolutionary talk and wan show say he be important revolutionary leader.

Mugabe dey chop worry for homosexuality matter, dey call am 'un-African' like e be foreign wahala from Europe. E talk say gay people dey act like 'sub-human', say dem be 'worse than dogs den pigs'.Template:Sfnm Dis kon be say e strong conservative values fit dey play small role, but e dey strong sekof plenty ministers for British government be gay. Mugabe start to believe say e get 'gay mafia' wey dey control everything, plus all wey dey criticize am na homosexuals. People dey also talk say Mugabe dey use homophobia just to shift attention from the country's wahala. For August 1995, e suppose open one human rights Zimbabwe International Book Fair for Harare, but e refuse till dem carry comot de stall wey Gays plus Lesbians of Zimbabwe dey run.

For 1996, Mugabe be de chair for defense side of Southern African Development Community (SADC). No consult parliament, for August 1998 e order Zimbabwean soldiers make dem go Democratic Republic of de Congo to support President Laurent Kabila for Second Congo War. At first, e send 3000 soldiers; later, dem increase go 11,000. E also convince Angola plus Namibia make dem send soldiers join the fight. De war dey cost Zimbabwe roughly US$1 million every day, dey add to dem economic wahala. People no dey like am for Zimbabwe, as opinion polls show.Template:Sfnm But some Zimbabwean businesses dey chop money well-well, as dem get mining plus timber deals plus better trade terms from Kabila's government.

For January 1999, 23 military men dem catch for plotting coup to take down Mugabe. Government no wan make e public, but journalists for The Standard carry am come out. Dem military come dey arrest those journalists illegally and even dey torture dem.Template:Sfnm This one provoke international wahala, with EU and seven donor countries dey raise protest letters. Lawyers and human rights guys dey shout for front of parliament, but riot police come scatter dem. Even the Supreme Court judges for the country come write letter wey dey condemn the military demma actions. For all dis, Mugabe come dey support wetin dem dey do, wey be illegal arrest and torture.

British prime minister Tony Blair, with whom Mugabe had a particularly antagonistic relationship

For 1997, Tony Blair take the position of UK Prime Minister after 18 years wey Conservatives dey rule. Him Labour government no too gree restart the land resettlement money wey dem promise for Lancaster House Agreement, with minister Clare Short talk say UK no get any moral duty to fund land distribution.Template:Sfnm Dis kind attitude dey make people for Africa dey vex against imperialism. For October 1999, Mugabe come visit Britain and for London, human rights activist Peter Tatchell try to arrest am as citizen.Template:Sfnm Mugabe believe say British government dey plan the matter to make am shame. E even damage the relationship wey dey between Anglo-Zimbabwean, with Mugabe dey insult wetin e dey call 'Blair and crew'. For May 2000, UK freeze all development aid to Zimbabwe. For December 1999, IMF comot support for Zimbabwe, talk say dem dey mishandle economy plus plenty corruption dey spoil progress.Template:Sfnm

As people dey demand constitutional change, For April 1999, Mugabe government gather 400 people make dem form Constitutional Commission wey go draft new constitution wey go fit go for referendum.Template:Sfnm De National Constitutional Assembly—dem wey dey push for reform since 1997—dem dey worry say dis commission no dey independent from government, because Mugabe fit change or reject wetin dem draft. De NCA call make dem reject di draft constitution, and for February 2000 referendum, e no pass; 53% say no, 44% say yes; turnout dey below 25%.Template:Sfnm Na ZANU-PF first big electoral loss for twenty years. Mugabe vex, and him dey blame di white minority say dem dey scatter him plans, dem be “enemies of Zimbabwe.”

Land seizures plus growing condemnation: 2000–2008

Main article: Land reform in Zimbabwe

Morgan Tsvangirai Morgan Tsvangirai dey lead MDC wey dey shine as dem dey fight Mugabe regime for 2000 parliamentary election.

Di June 2000 parliamentary elections na di most important one wey Zimbabwe don see since 1980. Sixteen parties take part, and di Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) led by trade unionist Morgan Tsvangirai shine well well. During di election campaign, MDC activists dey face wahala, some even die. Di Zimbabwe Human Rights Forum record 27 murders, 27 rapes, 2466 assaults, and 617 abductions, with 10,000 people run from violence; plenty, but no be all, na ZANU–PF supporters do am. Observers from di European Union (EU) talk say di election no be free or fair.Template:Sfnm Di vote give 48% and 62 parliamentary seats to ZANU-PF, while MDC carry 47% and 57 parliamentary seats.Template:Sfnm This be first time, ZANU–PF no fit get di two-thirds majority wey dem need to change di constitution. ZANU–PF dey depend plenty on dem people for di rural Shona areas, plus dem just hold one urban constituency.

For February 2000, dem start land invasion as armed gangs dey attack and take over white-owned farms. Di government dey call dem attackers 'war veterans' but most na jobless youths wey still too young to don fight for di Rhodesian War. Mugabe talk say di attacks na spontaneous rise against white land owners, but di government don pay Z$20 million to Chenjerai Hunzvi's War Veterans Association to lead di land invasion campaign, and ZANU–PF people, police, plus military all dey involve for di facilitating.Template:Sfnm Some of Mugabe’s boys talk say di invasions na payback for di white community wey dem dey claim support di 'no' vote for di recent referendum.Mugabe talk say dem take di land wey belong to di Africans since di 1890s from di white settlers. Him carry am come like say na fight wey him dey fight against colonialism, and he talk say di UK wan scatter him government. For May 2000, him drop law under di Presidential Powers (Temporary Measures) Act wey give di government power to take farms without any compensation, say na di British government suppose pay for am.

For March 2000, Zimbabwe High Court talk say land wahala no legal; but dem still dey chop am,Template:Sfnm plus Mugabe start to dey badmouth Zimbabwe judiciary.Template:Sfnm After Supreme Court join talk say dem gree, government call make judges resign, wey dem fit pressure Chief Justice Anthony Gubbay make e jom.Template:Sfnm ZANU–PF member Godfrey Chidyausiku fit take him place, as Supreme Court judges increase from five go eight; the three new seats go to people wey dey support Mugabe. The first thing wey new Supreme Court do na to change the earlier talk say land grab no be correct.Template:Sfnm For November 2001, Mugabe come drop presidential law wey gree dem take over almost all the white man farms for Zimbabwe wey no go pay any money. The way dem dey take farm no be small, as by 2006, dem don kill about sixty white farmers, plus many of their workers dey face wahala like intimidation den torture. Plenty of the farms wey dem take over still dey empty, and many of the black peasant-farmers wey dem give the farms no fit do market work because dem no get fertiliser.

The courts can do whatever they want, but no judicial decision will stand in our way ... My own position is that we should not even be defending our position in the courts. This country is our country and this land is our land ... They think because they are white they have a divine right to our resources. Not here. The white man is not indigenous to Africa. Africa is for Africans, Zimbabwe is for Zimbabweans.

— Mugabe on the land seizures

Di farm wahala spoil agricultural growth well well.Template:Sfnm Zimbabwe dey produce over two million tons maize for 2000; but by 2008 e don drop go about 450,000. By October 2003, Human Rights Watch talk say half of di country people dey suffer, dem no get enough food to chop. By 2009, 75% of Zimbabwe people dey depend on food aid, na di highest for any country for dat time. Zimbabwe dey chop serious economic wahala. 2000, dem GDP be US$7.4 billion; but by 2005 e don fall reach US$3.4 billion. Hyperinflation cause crisis for de economy. By 2007, Zimbabwe get di highest inflation rate for world, wey be 7600%. By 2008, inflation don pass 100,000% and bread price don be like one third of wetin person fit earn for one day. Plenty Zimbabweans dey depend on money wey dem people wey abroad dey send give dem.

Other parts of society dey suffer well well too. By 2005, about 80% of Zimbabwe people no get job, plus by 2008 only 20% of pikin dem dey school. Water supply plus sewage system spoil, cause cholera wahala for late 2008, with over 98,000 cholera cases for Zimbabwe from August 2008 go mid-July 2009. De wahala economy fit affect HIV/AIDS matter for the country; by 2008, HIV/AIDS rate for people wey dey between 15 den 49 be 15.3%. For 2007, World Health Organization talk say average life expectancy for Zimbabwe dey 34 for women and 36 for men, from 63 and 54 wey e be for 1997. De tourist business wey dey sweet no dey work again well, plus poaching don rise, especially for endangered animals. Mugabe just make am worse when e order make dem kill 100 elephants to get meat for April 2007 feast.

For October 2000, MDC MPs try impeach Mugabe, but dem no fit, thanks to Speaker wey be Mugabe paddy, Emmerson Mnangagwa.Template:Sfnm ZANU–PF dey link demself with Zimbabwe patriotism,Template:Sfnm dey paint MDC supporters as traitors plus enemies of Zimbabwe. Dem party dey show say dem be for the progressive side of history, while MDC dey be counter-revolutionary force wey wan scatter wetin ZANU–PF don achieve and all the decolonization matter. Mugabe talk say the build-up to 2002 presidential election na “the third Chimurenga” wey go make Zimbabwe free from colonial wahala. Mugabe talk say di preparation for di 2002 presidential election na di 'third Chimurenga' plus e go make Zimbabwe free from wetin dem colonizers don do. As dem dey prepare for the election, government change the electoral rules to help Mugabe get better chance to win. New security law come dey in place wey go make am illegal to talk bad about de president. General Vitalis Zvinavashe, de defense force commander, talk say military no go recognize any result wey no be Mugabe victory. EU don draw dem observers from di country, talk say di vote no be free or fair. Election show say Mugabe take 56% of di vote, while Tsvangirai get 42%. After di election, Mugabe come declare say di state-owned Grain Marketing Board get di only right to import and distribute grain, and di state distributors dey give food to ZANU–PF supporters, but dey no give di ones wey dem suspect say dem dey support MDC.Template:Sfnm For 2005, Mugabe start Operation Murambatsvina (wey mean 'Operation Drive Out di Rubbish'), wey be forced slum clearance; UN report say 700,000 people no get place to stay after dat. Since di people wey dey di shantytowns vote for MDC pass, plenty people dey talk say di bulldozing na politics matter.

Mugabe for 2008

Mugabe dey cause yawa wey plenty people dey vex. Zimbabwe Council of Churches talk say e don put di country inside "real wahala" just to hold power. Plenty Southern African states come meet am for summit for Harare September 2001 wey dem no take am easy. For 2002, Commonwealth kick Zimbabwe comot dem side; Mugabe talk say na because of anti-black wahala, wey South Africa President Thabo Mbeki support too. Mbeki dey like make dem do "quiet diplomacy" with Mugabe, plus e block African Union (AU) from putting any sanctions on am. Di Africa-Europe Summit wey dem plan for Lisbon for April 2003, e dey move plenty times becos African leaders no gree show face as Mugabe dey on ban; finally, e happen for 2007 wey Mugabe still show.Template:Sfnm After dem torture MDC MP Job Sikhala, Zimbabwean Test Cricketers Andy Flower and Henry Olonga do protest during di 2003 Cricket World Cup wey Zimbabwe co-host, dem wear black armbands to 'mourn di death of democracy for Zimbabwe'. Both guys go run away, as Olonga face treason charge. For 2004, di EU put travel ban and asset freeze on Mugabe. Dem carry di sanctions go up to 2008, meanwhile US government add more sanctions dat same year. US and UK carry resolution go UN Security Council, dem wan put arms embargo on Zimbabwe plus asset freeze and travel ban for Mugabe and di other government people; but Russia and China block am. For 2009, di SADC dey demand say di Western countries fit remove di targeted sanctions wey dem put on Mugabe plus em government. ZANU–PF talk say di sanctions na Western neo-colonialism matter and dem dey blame di West for Zimbabwe economy wahala. Carren Pindiriri wey from University of Zimbabwe talk say di sanctions no really spoil employment den poverty for di country.

British prime minister Tony Blair dem talk say e plan to change government for Zimbabwe early 2000 as dem dey pressure Mugabe make e comot. British General Charles Guthrie, wey be Chief of Defence Staff, talk for 2007 say him and Blair don discuss invasion of Zimbabwe. But Guthrie warn say make dem no take military action: "Hold hard, you go make am worse." For 2013, South African President Thabo Mbeki talk say Blair dey pressure South Africa make dem join for one "regime change scheme, even to use military force" for Zimbabwe. Mbeki refuse because him believe say "Mugabe be part of de solution to this problem." But one spokesperson for Blair talk say "him no ask anybody to plan or join any military intervention."

Power-sharing with de opposition MDC: 2008–2013

Main article: 2008 Zimbabwean presidential election

For March 2008, dem hold parliamentary and presidential elections. For di first one, ZANU–PF grab 97 seats but MDC get 99 and di rival MDC – Ncube get 9. For May, Zimbabwe Electoral Commission talk say Tsvangirai get 47.9% for di presidential vote, while Mugabe get 43.2%. Since nobody no fit touch 50%, dem plan run-off vote.Template:Sfnm Mugabe see im loss like big shame wey no fit happen. He believe say na win for him Western enemies, especially di British, wey he feel say dey work with Tsvangirai to cancel im political career. ZANU–PF follow talk say MDC rig di election.

Mugabe for 2011

After election, Mugabe people bring dem 'war veterans' come do wahala for Tsvangirai supporters. From March come June 2008, at least 153 MDC supporters don die. Dem talk say some women wey dey support MDC face gang rape from Mugabe supporters. Plenty Zimbabweans lose dem home because of the violence. Dis kind wahala make international people vex for Mugabe government. UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon show concern about de violence, plus even UN Security Council no gree for that wahala, dem talk say free and fair election no fit happen. 40 big African leaders—Desmond Tutu, Kofi Annan, Jerry Rawlings join—sign open letter wey dey call for end of de wahala.

As violence go dey, Tsvangirai draw back from de run-off. For di second round, Mugabe win wit 85.5% of di vote, and dem re-inaugurate am as president sharp sharp. De SADC oversee power-sharing agreement; Mbeke na di one wey broker am, and dem sign am for September 2008. For di agreement, Mugabe dey be President while Tsvangirai go be Prime Minister and Arthur Mutambara from MDC go be Vice Prime Minister. Di cabinet na equally divided betwen MDC and ZANU–PF members. But ZANU–PF no wan share power well well, dem dey fear say e go fit change di political matter. For di power-sharing, small reforms pass. Early 2009, Mugabe government talk say to fight di wahala wey inflation dey cause, dem go recognize US dollars as legal money and go pay government workers for dis currency. Dis help steady di prices. ZANU–PF block plenty reforms wey dem propose, and new constitution pass for March 2013.

Later years: 2013–2017

Mugabe plus ein wife for 2013

He talk say e go 'fight like wounded animal' for im re-election, Mugabe enter the 2013 elections dey feel say e go be im last one. E dey hope say if e win well well, e go secure im legacy, show say e don win for im Western critics, and scatter Tsvangirai's credibility well-well. De opposition parties dey reason say dis election be dem best chance to push Mugabe out. Dem dey paint am like old man wey military dey tell how to do im matter; but at least one academic observer talk say dat one no be true.

E no be like 2008 o, dis time no serious wahala for ZANU–PF wey fit challenge Mugabe. Di party big men sabi say dem no wan make any violence like wetin happen for 2008 election, make dem no spoil dia name for SADC side, make dem fit rule Zimbabwe well without wahala. Mugabe dey call hin pipo make dem no do violence, plus e show face for fewer rallies than before, part of am na because e old now and to make sure say di rallies wey e go fit big. ZANU–PF dey share gifts like food and clothes to plenty voters make dem fit vote for de party.

ZANU–PF carry big win, dem get 61% for di presidential vote and reach over two-thirds of parliamentary seats. Di elections no be free and fair; everywhere dem dey talk say people dey rig vote and plenty voters dey fear di violence wey show face for di 2008 election. For de time of di campaign, plenty MDC supporters just dey quiet about wetin dem tink because dem dey fear wahala. Di MDC sef suffer because of di time wey dem spend for di coalition government, as people dey reason sey dem bin corrupt like ZANU–PF. ZANU–PF fit use im appeal to African race, land, and liberation, while dem dey always link MDC to white farmers, Western countries, and wetin dem dey see as Western values like LGBT rights.

Mugabe de meet plus Japanese prime minister Shinzo Abe for 2016

For February 2014, Mugabe go do cataract surgery for Singapore; when e come back, e jam e ninetieth birthday for Marondera football stadium. For December 2014, Mugabe fire im vice-president, Joice Mujuru, because e dey accuse am say she wan topple am. For January 2015, Mugabe get election as Chairperson of African Union (AU). For November 2015, e talk say e go run for re-election as Zimbabwe president for 2018, at 94 years, plus dem accept am as ZANU–PF candidate. For February 2016, Mugabe yan say e no get plan to retire, e go still dey in power "until God says 'come'". For February 2017, just after him turn 93, Mugabe talk say e no go retire or pick anybody to take over, even though e say if him party fit choose person make dem do am. For May 2017, Mugabe waka go Cancún, Mexico for one week, say him go attend one three-day conference wey dey talk about disaster risk reduction, and dem dey criticize am say him dey waste money. Him even make three medical trips go Singapore for 2017, plus Grace Mugabe dey urge am make e mention successor.

For October 2017, World Health Organization (WHO) fit Mugabe as goodwill ambassador; e cause criticism from Zimbabwe opposition plus foreign countries sekof health system for Zimbabwe dey suffer well well. De next day, WHO come revoke Mugabe appointment after people don shout. Foreign minister Walter Mzembi talk say United Nations need some change make e better.

Coup d'état plus resignation: 2017

Main article: 2017 Zimbabwean coup d'état

For 6 November 2017, Mugabe fire him first vice-president, Emmerson Mnangagwa. Dis make plenty people hala say him wan make Grace him successor. Grace no de cool for ZANU–PF old people. On 15 November 2017, Zimbabwe National Army put Mugabe for house arrest for him Blue Roof mansion as dem talk say na action against 'criminals' for Mugabe side.

For 19 November, dem sack am as leader of ZANU–PF, and dem put Mnangagwa for di position. Di party also tell Mugabe say make e resign by noon di next day, or dem go go bring impeachment resolution against am. For one speech wey dem show for TV dat night, Mugabe no gree talk say e go resign. So, ZANU–PF members bring di impeachment resolution on 21 November 2017, wey MDC–T support. Di constitution talk say to remove president from office, you need two-thirds majority from both House of Assembly and Senate when dem sit down together. But since both big parties dey support di motion and dem dey control all seats wey remain, Mugabe's impeachment and removal be like say e don almost ready to happen.

As constitution talk am, both chambers gather together make dem discuss di resolution. Some hours after di debate start, di Speaker of di House of Assembly read one letter from Mugabe wey talk say e don resign, make e take effect now now. Mugabe and e wife don hammer deal before e resign, wey make am and im family no go face wahala, im businesses no go touch, plus e go collect payment wey no go be less than $10 million. For July 2018, Zimbabwe Supreme Court talk say Mugabe don resign by him own wish, even though some comments wey di ex-president talk later no gree match dat.

Post-presidency

For December 2017, government talk say dem don gree Mugabe full diplomatic status. Dem come dash am five-bedroom house wey dey use public money, plus 23 staff wey go follow am, plus vehicles for im use. He self fit still hold di business wey he build while he dey run things, plus dem pay am extra ten million dollars.

For 15 March 2018, as Mugabe dey talk for him first interview since dem remove am from presidency, e talk say dem push am out through 'coup d'état' wey go fit reverse. E talk say e no go fit work with Mnangagwa and call him presidency 'illegal' plus 'unconstitutional'. Some political parties, de Liberal Democrats plus de Revolutionary Freedom Fighters dem sue, but court talk say resignation be legal, plus Mnangagwa, as vice-president, fit take over presidency.

State media talk say Mugabe don support National Political Front wey Ambrose Mutinhiri form. E be former big man for ZANU-PF wey quit because e no gree how dem remove Mugabe from presidency. NPF show picture wey Mutinhiri dey pose with Mugabe plus dem drop press release wey talk say former president don hail de decision.

De night before 29 July 2018 election, de first one in 38 years wey e no go fit run, Mugabe come do wahala press conference. E talk say e no go vote for President Mnangagwa and ZANU–PF, de party wey e start. Instead, e wan vote for Nelson Chamisa, wey be dey represent him long-time enemies, de MDC. Mnangagwa still carry de re-election.

Illness, death den funeral: 2019

Na Mugabe no fi walk, according to Emmerson Mnangagwa insyd November 2018, wey na he dey receive treatment insyd Singapore for de previous two months. Na dem hospitalise am der insyd April 2019, wey dey make de last of chaw trips to de country for medical treatment, as na he do late insyd ein presidency den dey follow ein resignation. Na he die at Gleneagles Hospital on 6 September 2019 at about 10:40 am, aged 95 (Singapore Standard Time), according to a senior Zimbabwean diplomat. Although na dem no officially disclose ein cause of death, na Mnangagwa, ein successor, tell ZANU–PF supporters insyd New York City dat na Mugabe get advanced cancer wey na ein chemotherapy treatment cease to be effective.

For 11 September 2019, dem carry his body back go Harare airport for Zimbabwe, where about 1,000 people gather dey wait for the body and hear speech from Mnangagwa. Dem carry Mugabe's body go his family house for Borrowdale for small wake with him friends and family, but no Mnangagwa dey there. According to Associated Press, no supporters hia dey follow the procession, but 500 mourners come gather for him birthplace Zvimba. On 13 September 2019, dem announce say Mugabe family don agree say make he go Heroes' Acre Cemetery and dem go delay the burial for 30 days. Initially, Mugabe family no want government plan for him burial, dem wan bury am for Zvimba on 16 or 17 September, just one day after the government plan.

On 14 September 2019, na dem hold Mugabe ein state funeral, wich na dem open to de public, at de National Sports Stadium, plus an aerial photo wey dey show de 60,000 capacity stadium to be about a quarter full. Na leaders den former leaders of various African countries attend de funeral, among dem be Mnangagwa, Kenneth Kaunda of Zambia, Olusegun Obasanjo of Nigeria, Sam Nujoma, Hifikepunye Pohamba den Hage Geingob of Namibia, Joseph Kabila of DR Congo, Uhuru Kenyatta of Kenya den Cyril Ramaphosa of South Africa.

On 26 September 2019, na Nick Mangwana state dat dem go bury Mugabe insyd ein home town of Kutama "to respect de wishes of families of deceased heroes". Na de burial take place insyd de courtyard of ein home insyd Kutama on 28 September 2019.

Ideology

Mugabe na im dey embrace African nationalism plus anti-colonialism for 1960s. Sabelo J. Ndlovu-Gatsheni talk say "Mugabeism" be serious populist movement wey get "ideological simplicity, emptiness, vagueness, imprecision, and multi-class character". E also talk say na "broad church". E characterize am as "left-nationalism" wey dey always fight imperialism plus colonialism. E argue say e be form of nativism, wey dey get strong "cult of victimisation" wey dey show Africa as "victim" plus the West as im "tormentor". E suggest say e don gather influence from plenty ideologies, like Marxism styles wey include Stalinism plus Maoism, plus African nationalist ideologies like Nkrumaism, Ujamaa, Garveyism, Négritude, Pan-Africanism, plus African neo-traditionalism. Mugabeism dey try solve di wahala of white settler racism by pushing anti-white racism project wey wan deny white Zimbabweans citizenship, dem dey call dem “amabhunu/Boers” all di time, so dem fit remove dem from dem land.

Mugabeism as a form of populist reason is a multifaceted phenomenon requiring a multi-pronged approach to decipher its various meanings. At one level it represents pan-African memory and patriotism and at another level it manifests itself as a form of radical left-nationalism dedicated to resolving intractable national and agrarian questions. Yet, to others, it is nothing but a symbol of crisis, chaos and tyranny emanating from the exhaustion of nationalism.

— Sabelo J. Ndlovu-Gatsheni

ZANU–PF talk say dem dey influenced by Marxism–Leninism; Onslow and Redding yan say e be like say no be like how Marx dey focus on urban workers as di main force for socio-economic change, Mugabe party wan give dat role to di rural peasants. As dem dey hold dat pro-rural view, dem talk say Mugabe and di ZANU–PF dey show say dem no too like urban people. Di English scholar Claire Palley meet Mugabe for 1962, later she talk say "e no be too much doctrinaire Marxist but more like old-style African nationalist", while Tekere talk say for Mugabe, Marxism-Leninism na "just talk" wey dey lack "real vision or belief behind am." Carvington talk say when Mugabe dey use Marxist talk for Lancaster House talks, "e no really do wetin e dey preach, abi? Once e enter office, e turn capitalist". Mugabe don talk say "socialism suppose dey more Christian pass capitalism". De Zimbabwe scholar George Shire describe Mugabe policies as "broadly-speaking" social-democratic.

For di 1980s, Mugabe talk say him wan change Zimbabwe from multi-party to one-party state. For 1984, him yarn say, "di one-party state dey fit African tradition better. E go make unity strong for di people. E go gather all di talk under one umbrella, whether e be radical or reactionary." di political scientist Sue Onslow and historian Sean Redding talk say Zimbabwe matter dey "more complex than just venial dictatorship" but e be "ideo-dictatorship". Mugabe even dey admire Nicolae Ceaușescu of Romania, e praise am just before dem throw am down for December 1989.

Ndlovu-Gatsheni talk say since mid-1990s, Mugabe dey focus on three main tins for him talk: him dey fear sey British wan come colonize Zimbabwe again, him wan make sure sey black people go get land wey white farmers dey control, and den matter of belonging den patriotism. Him dey like to bring Rhodesian Bush War matter for him speeches plenty. African studies scholar Abiodun Alao talk sey Mugabe wan use him past to hold national security tight.

David Blair talk say "Mugabe wey write no be anything wey fit pass crude Marxism, e dey full with heavy English wey dey come from mission school", e mention say e dem go borrow plenty things from Karl Marx, Mao Zedong, and Frantz Fanon, and e no show any unique style. Blair talk say Mugabe wey write dey call for "command economics for peasant society, mix with anti-colonial nationalism", and for dis matter, e get "the same talk as all di other African guerrilla leaders" for dat time. Mugabe argue say, after dem don push European colonial regimes comot, di Western countries still dey hold African countries down because dem wan enjoy di continent natural resources but no want make dem industrialize.

Ein Personal life

Mugabe meeting Russian president Vladimir Putin insyde 2015

Mugabe dey measure small over 1.70 metres (5 ft 7 in), plus him biographer David Blair talk say he get 'curious, effeminate mannerisms'. Mugabe dey take am serious with him appearance, normally dey wear three-piece suit, den he dey make sure say him cabinet people dey dress like am, Anglophile style. When him take power for 1980, him signature na him big-rimmed glasses, plus him also get small moustache. Different from plenty other African leaders, Mugabe no dey try make story for him childhood. E no dey smoke or drink, plus according to him first biographers, David Smith den Colin Simpson, him get 'big love for children'. For him young days, dem chop him genitals which make people dey talk say he get only one ball or half a penis; this kain talk some people use am to dey mock am, while him fans dey use am show say he ready go through plenty wahala for de revolution matter.

Mugabe dey speak English well well, get some English accent when e dey talk certain words. E sabi love cricket, dey talk say 'cricket go make people better and create gentlemen'. Blair notice say this way wey e dey take adopt British ways show say Mugabe get respect for Britain, but at the same time, e no like the country at all. Heidi Holland talk say dis Anglophile side of him don dey show since e small, as Mugabe—wey don face plenty anti-black wahala from Rhodesian people—'catch Englishness as way to fit handle de shame' wey de racism society dey put for am.

Academic Blessing-Miles Tendi talk say Mugabe be "very complex person, no easy to fit am into normal categories". Blair describe am as "exceptionally complex personality". Smith den Simpson observe say di Zimbabwe leader be "serious young guy, small lone ranger, hardworking, wey dey read plenty book, sabi use every minute well, no too dey laugh: but most importantly, focused". Blair yan say Mugabe's "self-discipline, intelligence and hunger for hard work be something else", plus him "main characteristics" na "ruthlessness den resilience". Blair argue say Mugabe get plenty character traits like Ian Smith, say dem both be "proud, brave, stubborn, charming, delusional dreamers".

With his poor childhood development record, even minor criticism would be experienced as a wound by Mugabe. He is a person who cannot tolerate difference. Being profoundly doubtful about himself, he is oversensitive to the idea that he is not as good as everyone else. People are either with him or against him. Differences of opinion are provocative and hurtful to Mugabe, who may think that compromise reduces him.

— Heidi Holland

Meredith talk say Mugabe get soft mouth, broad brain, and e dey tok well, but e dey hide im strong ambition under dat. Ndlovu-Gatsheni call am one of di most charming leaders for Africa, say e dey fit carry good speech. Jonathan Moyo, wey be Mugabe information minister small time before dem fall out, talk say di President sabi express imsef well, na im strength. Tendi add say Mugabe get natural sense of humor, but e dey cover am with serious face and love for ceremonies plus tradition. Heidi Holland talk say because e grow up for no normal way, Mugabe get one kind weak self-image. She describe am say e be man wey no fit connect with e feelings, e no get normal warmth plus human touch. She say too, say Mugabe get "plenty emotional immaturity" , plus e no like gay people, plus e dey show racism plus xenophobia.

As Meredith talk, Mugabe come show himself as person wey dey 'sabi', think well, and dey settle matter' after him win election for 1980. Blair observe say for this time, Mugabe get 'true big heart and moral strength' even though him get 'deep personal wahala wey fit make am dey vex and hate' former regime people. After wey Michael Pallister, the British Foreign Office boss, deal with Mugabe for 1979 negosh, e describe Mugabe say him get 'sharp, sometimes dey aggressive and no dey easy to handle' way to talk. Peter Longworth, wey be British diplomat, talk say for private, Mugabe dey 'very charming, sabi how to talk and no dey lack joke. E dey hard to connect the guy wey you see with the one wey dey shout for tv.' Norman talk say 'I always see am as person wey dey friendly and honourable for him dealings. E also get warm side wey I fit see sometimes well well.'

Colin Legum, wey be journalist for The Observer, talk say Mugabe get "paranoidal personality". E no dey suffer from clinical paranoia, but e dey act like say e get paranoia when dem put am under serious pressure. Mugabe biographer Andrew Norman talk say the leader fit get antisocial personality disorder. Plenty Mugabe biographers don notice say e get serious obsession for accruing power.Template:Sfnm According to Meredith, "power for Mugabe no be means to end, but na the end itself." On the other hand, Onslow and Redding talk say Mugabe craze for power dey come from "ideological plus personal reasons" and say e no believe say im political opposition legit. Denis Norman, wey be white politician wey serve for Mugabe cabinet for many years, comment say "Mugabe no be flashy man wey dey follow wealth but e really enjoy power. Na dat one dey motivate am always."

Em Marriages plus pikins

See also: Mugabe family

Mugabe en first wife, Sally Hayfron, for 1983

Holland talk say, Mugabe first wife, Sally Hayfron, be like Mugabe 'confidant plus only true paddy'. She be one of the small number wey fit challenge Mugabe ideas without vexing am. Dem only pikin, Michael Nhamodzenyika Mugabe, wey born 27 September 1963, die on 26 December 1966 from cerebral malaria for Ghana wey Sally dey work while Mugabe dey for prison. Sally Mugabe be teacher wey sabi her work well plus she stand as independent political activist den campaigner.

Mugabe dey tell Zimbabwe media make dem call im wife "Amai" ("Mother of the Nation"), but plenty Zimbabweans no too happy say she be foreigner. Dem don appoint am na she become head of ZANU–PF women league, dey do plenty charity work, but people sabi say she dey corrupt for dem matter. When Mugabe be prime minister, she dey struggle with kidney wahala, plus at first, she dey waka go Britain for dialysis till Soames bring dialysis machine come Zimbabwe.

When Mugabe dey marry Hayfron, for 1987, e start dey chop secret gist with im secretary, Grace Marufu; she be 41 years younger and she dey marry Stanley Goreraza then. For 1988, she give Mugabe pikin, Bona, and for 1990, another pikin, Robert.Template:Sfnm Dem keep de matter on the low from Zimbabwe people; Hayfron sabi am small. As her niece Patricia Bekele wey she dey close with talk, Hayfron no too happy say Mugabe dey do belle with Marufu but she go just dey do wetin she tell am: 'Tawk to your pillow if wahala dey your marriage. No ever shame your husband.' Her motto be say make e carry am with style wey be gracious. Hayfron come die for 1992 from chronic kidney wahala.

After Hayfron die for 1992, Mugabe and Marufu tie knot for big Catholic ceremony wey happen for August 1996. As First Lady of Zimbabwe, Grace sabi enjoy luxury plenty; she like shopping, fine clothes, plus jewelry wey bling bling. Dem dey even call am 'Gucci Grace'. She too get bad name for corruption. For 1997, Grace Mugabe born di couple third pikin, Chatunga Bellarmine. Robert Mugabe Jr. and him small brother, Chatunga, dey show dey lavish lifestyle for social media, and opposition politician Tendai Biti dey accuse dem say dem dey waste Zimbabwe taxpayers demma money.

Public image den legacy

The story of Robert Mugabe is a microcosm of what bedevils African democracy and economic recovery at the beginning of the 21st century. It is a classic case of a genuine hero—the guerrilla idol who conquered the country's former leader and his white supremacist regime—turning into a peevish autocrat whose standard response to those suggesting he steps down is to tell them to get lost. It is also the story of activists who try to make a better society but bear the indelible scars of the old system. Mugabe's political education came from the autocrat Ian Smith, who had learnt his formative lessons from imperious British colonisers.

— Heidi Holland

By twenty-first century, dem dey see Mugabe as one of de most controversial political leaders for world. According to The Black Scholar journal, 'if you listen to who you wan hear from...Mugabe fit be one of the great tyrants or na fearless nationalist wey don vex West.' Dem dey call am 'dictator', 'tyrant', den 'threat', plus dem talk say e be one of Africa's 'most brutal' leaders. But still, many for Third World countries dey see am as hero and when e waka for Africa, dem dey welcome am well. For many people for Southern Africa, he still be one of the 'grand old men' of African liberation movement. Na dem also sabi say Mugabe get close connection plus de former Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad.

According to Ndlovu-Gatsheni, for ZANU-PF, dem see Mugabe as dem ‘demi-god’ wey everybody dey fear and no dey challenge am.For ZANU movement, dem start to build Mugabe brand during Bush War, and e strong pass after 1980. Mugabe get plenty followers for Zimbabwe, as David Blair talk say, ‘e no be right to say people no like am from demma heart for dat country insyde.’ Holland believe say majority of Zimbabwe people dey support am ‘with plenty joy’ for di first twenty years of ein rule. E dey get solid support for Shona areas like Mashonaland, Manicaland, and Masvingo, but e no dey too popular for Matabeleland den Bulawayo, plus di Zimbabweans wey dey abroad too.

When Mugabe win election for 1980, dem praise am well as revolutionary hero wey dey try bring peace for racial matter. For di first ten years wey e govern, people dey see am as one of post-colonial Africa most progressive leader. David Blair talk say, even though Mugabe show small soft side between March 1980 and February 1982, e still dey rule with serious hand wey no go fit take nonsense from anybody, just to stay for power at all cost. For 2011, scholar Blessing-Miles Tendi talk say, 'Dem media dey show Mugabe as di popular leader wey lose im way: di hero from independence struggle wey at first be progressive, but power don turn am as e hold am too long with serious oppression.' Tendi talk say dis assessment no make sense, sekof Mugabe dey show repressive style from him early days for office, like how him dey suppress ZAPU for Matabeleland. Abiodun Alao agree, e suggest say Mugabe way no change since him take power, na only di international eye don dey watch am more for dis twenty-first century. For plenty Africans, Mugabe show say Western countries dey practice double standard; dem no see eye when dem kill over 20,000 black Ndebele people for Gukarakundi but dem quick to condemn Zimbabwe government when dem kill small number of white farmers for de time of de land grab.

Example wey foreign people dey criticize: people dey protest against Mugabe government near Zimbabwe embassy for London (mid-2006)

For de time of di guerrilla war, Ian Smith dey call Mugabe as "di apostle of Satan".Template:Sfnm George Shire talk say dem get "strong racist wahala" against Mugabe for Zimbabwe, plus Western media representations of de country no dey see am well. Mugabe sef dey talk say him no dey racist; John Sentamu wey be di Archbishop of York wey dem bon for Uganda for de United Kingdom call Mugabe "di worst kind of racist dictator" for "targeting di whites for demma clear richies". Desmond Tutu say Mugabe dey become "more insecure, e dey vex. Person go just wan cry. E dey really sad." South Africa President Nelson Mandela too no dey happy with Mugabe, e talk say e be politician wey "no respect di people wey put am for power plus e tink say na privilege to dey there forever."

Wetin Rhoda E. Howard-Hassmann write for Human Rights Quarterly wey talk say, "clear evidence dey show say Mugabe dey do bad things to people". For 2009, Gregory Stanton, wey be President of International Association of Genocide Scholars, and Helen Fein, wey dey run Institute for the Study of Genocide, join hand write letter wey talk say dem get enough evidence to put Mugabe for trial for International Criminal Court. Australia den New Zealand don dey call for am since 2005, plus plenty Zimbabwean NGOs don too talk am for 2006.

One article wey drop for 2005 from New American, e dey talk say 'Democide for Zimbabwe', sey Mugabe don reduce Zimbabwe population by millions for just small years.

For 1994, dem give Mugabe honorary knighthood from British side; but for 2008, UK government tell dem make dem take am back. Mugabe get plenty honorary degrees from international universities, but at least three don dey revoked now. For 2007, na him be de first person wey dem strip away honorary degree from British university, when University of Edinburgh collect de degree wey dem give am for 1984. Just de month wey dem put am down, but before e die, many pipo don remove Mugabe name for some public places, like street names den all.

Check am too

• List of accidents and incidents involving Robert Mugabe's motorcade
• Mugabe and the White African (2009 documentary)
• Mugabe's Zimbabwe (2010 documentary)
• The Interpreter (2005 film featuring a fictional African president based on Mugabe)
• 1997 Zimbabwean Black Friday

References

Bibliography

• Alao, Abiodun (2012). Mugabe and the Politics of Security in Zimbabwe. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 978-0-7735-4044-6.
• Blair, David (2002). Degrees in Violence: Robert Mugabe and the Struggle for Power in Zimbabwe. London and New York: Continuum. ISBN 978-0-8264-5974-9.
• Chigora, Percyslage; Guzura, Tobias (2011). "The Politics of the Government of National Unity (GNU) and Power Sharing in Zimbabwe: Challenges and Prospects for Democracy". African Journal of History and Culture. 3 (2): 20–26.
• Gallagher, Julia (2015). "The Battle for Zimbabwe in 2013: From Polarisation to Ambivalence" (PDF). Journal of Modern African Studies. 53 (1): 27–49. doi:10.1017/S0022278X14000640. ISSN 0022-278X. S2CID 154398977.
• Holland, Heidi (2008). Dinner with Mugabe: The Untold Story of a Freedom Fighter Who Became a Tyrant. London: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-104079-0.
• Howard-Hassmann, Rhoda E. (2010). "Mugabe's Zimbabwe, 2000–2009: Massive Human Rights Violations and the Failure to Protect". Human Rights Quarterly. 32 (4): 898–920. doi:10.1353/hrq.2010.0030. S2CID 143046672.

• Meredith, Martin (2002). Our Votes, Our Guns: Robert Mugabe and the Tragedy of Zimbabwe. New York: Public Affairs. ISBN 978-1-58648-186-5.
• Ndlovu-Gatsheni, Sabelo J. (2009). "Making Sense of Mugabeism in Local and Global Politics: 'So Blair, keep your England and let me keep my Zimbabwe'". Third World Quarterly. 30 (6): 1139–1158. doi:10.1080/01436590903037424. S2CID 143775424.
• Ndlovu-Gatsheni, Sabelo J. (2015). "Introduction: Mugabeism and Entanglements of History, Politics, and Power in the Making of Zimbabwe". In Sabelo J. Ndlovu-Gatsheni (ed.). Mugabeism? History, Politics, and Power in Zimbabwe. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 1–25. ISBN 978-1-137-54344-8.
• Norman, Andrew (2008). Mugabe: Teacher, Revolutionary, Tyrant. Stroud: The History Press. ISBN 978-1-86227-491-4.

• Onslow, Sue; Redding, Sean (2009). "Wasted Riches: Robert Mugabe and the Desolation of Zimbabwe". Georgetown Journal of International Affairs. 10 (1): 63–72. JSTOR 43134191.
• Shire, George (2007). "The Case for Robert Mugabe: Sinner or Sinned Against?". The Black Scholar. 37 (1): 32–35. doi:10.1080/00064246.2007.11413379. JSTOR 41069872. S2CID 147587061.
• Sithole, Masipula (2001). "Fighting Authoritarianism in Zimbabwe". Journal of Democracy. 2 (1): 160–169. doi:10.1353/jod.2001.0015. S2CID 144918292.
• Smith, David; Simpson, Colin (1981). Mugabe. London: Sphere Books. ISBN 978-0-7221-7868-3.
• Tendi, Blessing-Miles (2011). "Robert Mugabe and Toxicity: History and Context Matter". Representation. 47 (3): 307–318. doi:10.1080/00344893.2011.596439. S2CID 154541752.
• Tendi, Blessing-Miles (2013). "Robert Mugabe's 2013 Presidential Election Campaign". Journal of Southern African Studies. 39 (4): 963–970. doi:10.1080/03057070.2013.858537. S2CID 145432632.

External links

• Bourne, Richard (2011). Catastrophe: What Went Wrong in Zimbabwe?. Zed. ISBN 978-1-84813-521-5.
• Chan, Stephen (2002). Robert Mugabe: A Life of Power and Violence. I. B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-86064-873-1.
• Godwin, Peter (2011). The Fear: The Last Days of Robert Mugabe. London: Picador. ISBN 978-0-330-50777-6.
• Moyo; Yeros, P (2007). "The Radicalised State: Zimbabwe's Interrupted Revolution". Review of African Political Economy. 34 (111): 103–121. doi:10.1080/03056240701340431. hdl:10.1080/03056240701340431. JSTOR 20406365. S2CID 153894802.
• Raftopoulos, Brian (2006). "The Zimbabwean crisis and the challenges of the Left". Journal of Southern African Studies. 32 (2): 203–219. Bibcode:2006JSAfS..32..203R. doi:10.1080/03057070600655988. JSTOR 25065088. S2CID 59371826.