Rosa Parks

Rosa Parks

human

Ein sex anaa gender	female
Ein country of citizenship	United States
Name in native language	Rosa Louise McCauley Parks
Birth name	Rosa Louise McCauley
Name wey dem give am	Louise, Rosa
Family name	McCauley, Parks
Name in kana	ローザ・パークス
Ein date of birth	4 February 1913
Place dem born am	Tuskegee
Date wey edie	24 October 2005
Place wey edie	Detroit
Manner of death	natural causes
Place wey dem bury am	Woodlawn Cemetery
Spouse	Raymond Parks
Languages edey speak, rep anaa sign	English
Ein occupation	autobiographer, human rights activist, civil rights advocate, public figure, political activist
Ein field of work	civil rights movement, civil and political rights, racial segregation, activism, civil rights
Educate for	Alabama State University
Residence	Detroit
Ethnic group	African Americans
Religion anaa worldview	United Methodist Church
Medical condition	dementia
Member of	Alpha Kappa Alpha
Owner of	Q128483103
Significant event	civil disobedience
Dema official website
Oral history at	Black Women Oral History Project

Rosa Louise McCauley Parks (February 4, 1913 – October 24, 2005) na she be American civil rights activist. She be best known for ein refusal to move from ein seat on a Montgomery, Alabama, bus, in defiance of Jim Crow laws, wich spark de Montgomery bus boycott. She sanso sometimes be known as de "mother of de civil rights movement".

She join NAACP for 1943, den she be secretary there. Even though dem dey try stop Black people from voting, she still register after she try three times. She help fight cases of rape and racism like Recy Taylor and Jeremiah Reeves dem own.

Before she vex for di bus inside, other Black people too dey resist bus segregation, but when dem arrest Rosa in 1955, di community take am do test case. One group called Women’s Political Council start one-day boycott, den later di Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) carry am long, people no enter bus for 381 days! Dem win for court inside, wey bus segregation end.

Weytin she do come make am lose money plus suffer health wahala, so she lef go Detroit in 1957. Even for there, she no stop, she help civil rights people like Nelson Mandela, Angela Davis, and dem. She support Black Power and fight against apartheid too. For 1987, she start one NGO with her friend to help youth.

When she die, dem honor am well-well, funeral for Montgomery, Washington DC, and Detroit. She chop plenty awards, like Presidential Medal of Freedom and Congressional Gold Medal, and she be di first Black person wey dem put statue for US National Statuary Hall.

Early life

Rosa Parks, wey dem born as Rosa Louise McCauley, come life top 4th February 1913 for Tuskegee, Alabama. Her mama be teacher, her papa be carpenter. Her name come from her two grandmas; Rose and Louisa. She get African blood, plus small Scotch-Irish and Native American from her great-grandpeople. Her grandpapa from mama side be born from rape wey plantation owner ein son do.

She move go her grandparents demma farm for Pine Level as baby. Later, she help gather cotton for 50 pesewas a day, and learn sewing and quilting from her mama, she sew quilt at age 10 and dress at 11. She join African Methodist Episcopal (AME) church from early, and stay member till she die.

Dem time, Alabama start do serious segregation laws, especially after 1901. Jim Crow laws make Black and white people dey separate everything; school, transport, banks, even cemeteries. KKK demma violence too come add. Rosa say she hear plenty stories of Black people wey dem kill or go missing for no reason.

She go one-room school for AME church, but she get bad tonsils so she dey sick often. She go summer school plus get surgery later wey help am. She go Montgomery Industrial School for Girls, den Booker T. Washington Junior High. She later drop out to take care of her sick grandma and mama.

After school drop-out, she work for her family farm and as housemaid for white people. Black women wey do that kind work dey suffer abuse, some even get raped. Rosa write one story about how one white man, “Mr. Charlie,” try abuse her, but she resist. Some say the story be allegory like symbol to show how she fight racism and abuse.

For 1931, she meet her husband Raymond Parks. At first she no dey feel am, but later she like how he dey stand against racism. Dem marry on 18th December 1932. Raymond be one of di first activists she meet, and he own car, rare for Black man that time.

Gallery

• 
  De Rosa Parks Congressional Gold Medal
• 
  Parks den Presido Bill Clinton
• 
  Rosa Parks Transit Center insyd Detroit
• 
  Presido Barack Obama dey sit on de bus, insyd de same row buh on de opposite side from wer na Parks sit wey na she refuse to move.
• 
  A plaque dem entitle "The Bus Stop" at Dexter Avenue den Montgomery Street – wer na Parks board de bus – dey pay tribute to ein den de success of de Montgomery bus boycott
• 
  Rosa Parks Railway Station insyd Paris

Sources

• Beito, David T.; Beito, Linda Royster (2009). Black Maverick: T. R. M. Howard's Fight for Civil Rights and Economic Power. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-03420-6.
• Brinkley, Douglas G. (2000). Rosa Parks: A Penguin Life. New York: Penguin. ISBN 0-670-89160-6.
• Carlson, Dennis (February 2003). "Troubling Heroes: Of Rosa Parks, Multicultural Education, and Critical Pedagogy". Cultural Studies ↔ Critical Methodologies. 3 (1): 44–61. doi:10.1177/1532708603239267. Retrieved March 23, 2025.
• Garrow, David J. (1986). Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. New York: Vintage. ISBN 0-394-75623-1.
• Glennon, Robert Jerome (Spring 1991). "The Role of Law in the Civil Rights Movement: The Montgomery Bus Boycott, 1955-1957". Law and History Review. 9 (1): 59–112. doi:10.2307/743660. JSTOR 743660. Retrieved February 22, 2025.
• Hanson, Joyce A. (2011). Rosa Parks: A Biography. Santa Barbara: Greenwood. ISBN 978-0-313-35217-1.
• Higginbotham Jr., A. Leon (1995). "Rosa Parks: Foremother & (and) Heroine Teaching Civility & Offering a Vision for a Better Tomorrow". Florida State University Law Review. 22: 899–911. Retrieved March 23, 2025.
• İli, Kenan (2016). "Rosa Louise Parks as a Quiet Leader Who Transforms American Society Forever". In Erçetin, Şefika Şule (ed.). Women Leaders in Chaotic Environments: Examinations of Leadership Using Complexity Theory. Lecture Notes in Social Networks. Cham: Springer. pp. 87–98. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-44758-2_8. ISBN 978-3-319-44756-8.
• Mace, Darryl (2021). Rosa Parks: A Life in American History. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-4408-6842-9.

• McGuire, Danielle L. (2010). At the Dark End of the Street: Black Women, Rape, and Resistance — A New History of the Civil Rights Movement from Rosa Parks to the Rise of Black Power. New York; Toronto: Knopf. ISBN 978-0-307-26906-5.
• McVeigh, Rory (June 1999). "Structural Incentives for Conservative Mobilization: Power Devaluation and the Rise of the Ku Klux Klan, 1915-1925". Social Forces. 77 (4): 1461–1496. doi:10.2307/3005883. Retrieved May 4, 2025.
• Meier, August; Rudwick, Elliott (March 1969). "The Boycott Movement Against Jim Crow Streetcars in the South, 1900-1906". The Journal of American History. 55 (4): 756–775. doi:10.2307/1900151. JSTOR 1900151. Retrieved February 21, 2025.
• Murphy, Larry G.; Melton, J. Gordon; Ward, Gary L., eds. (1993). "African Methodist Episcopal Church". Encyclopedia of African American Religions. New York; London: Garland Publishing. ISBN 0-8153-0500-1.
• Parks, Rosa; Haskins, James (1992). Rosa Parks: My Story. New York: Dial Books. ISBN 0-8037-0673-1.

• Parks, Rosa (1997). "An Interview with Rosa Parks, the Quilter". In MacDowell, Marsha L. (ed.). African American Quiltmaking in Michigan. Interviewed by Smith Barney, Deborah. Lansing: Michigan State University Press. ISBN 0-87013-410-8.
• Phibbs, Cheryl Fisher (2009). The Montgomery Bus Boycott: a History and Reference Guide. Santa Barbara: Greenwood. ISBN 978-0-313-35887-6. OCLC 318420889.
• Richardson, Riché (Spring 2013). "Framing Rosa Parks in Reel Time". Southern Quarterly. 50 (3): 54–65, 125. ProQuest 1436021489. Retrieved March 23, 2025.
• Richardson, Riché (2021). Emancipation's Daughters: Reimagining Black Femininity and the National Body. Durham: Duke University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctv1dv0w3k. ISBN 978-1-4780-9091-5. JSTOR j.ctv1dv0w3k.
• Schraff, Anne E. (2005). Rosa Parks: Tired of Giving In. Berkeley Heights: Enslow. ISBN 0-7660-2463-6.
• Schwartz, Barry (June 1, 2009). "Collective Forgetting And The Symbolic Power Of Oneness: The Strange Apotheosis Of Rosa Parks". Social Psychology Quarterly. 72 (2): 123–142. doi:10.1177/019027250907200204.

• Sheehan-Dean, Aaron, ed. (2022). "The Violence of the Civil War in Comparative Perspective". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.013.236.
• Theoharis, Jeanne (2009). "'A Life of Being Rebellious': The Radicalism of Rosa Parks". In Theoharis, Jeanne; Woodard, Komozi; Gore, Dayo F. (eds.). Want to Start a Revolution?: Radical Women in the Black Freedom Struggle. New York: NYU Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-8313-9.
• Theoharis, Jeanne (2015). The Rebellious Life of Mrs. Rosa Parks. New York: Beacon Press. ISBN 978-0-8070-7692-7. Retrieved April 5, 2025.
• Tyson, Timothy B. (1999). Radio Free Dixie: Robert F. Williams and the Roots of Black Power. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-2502-6.
• Williams, Donnie; Greenhaw, Wayne (2006). The Thunder of Angels: The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the People Who Broke the Back of Jim Crow. Chicago: Chicago Review Press. ISBN 1-55652-590-7.

External links

• Rosa Parks Papers at the Library of Congress
• Rosa Parks Library and Museum at Troy University
• The Rosa and Raymond Parks Institute for Self Development
• Parks article by Frye Gaillard in the Encyclopedia of Alabama—Archived December 16, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
• Rosa Parks page by Arlisha Norwood on the National Women's History Museum website
• Rosa Parks bus on display at the Henry Ford Museum—Archived November 23, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
• Rosa Parks' Biography: A Resource for Teaching Rosa Parks—Archived January 30, 2025, at the Wayback Machine

Multimedia den interviews

• Appearances on C-SPAN
• "Civil Rights Icon Rosa Parks Dies"—National Public Radio
• "Civil Rights Pioneer Rosa Parks 1913–2005"—Democracy Now!
• "Eyes on the Prize; Interview with Rosa Parks" at the American Archive of Public Broadcasting, November 14, 1985

Odas

• Complete audio/video and newspaper archive of the Montgomery bus boycott—Archived December 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
• Rosa Parks: cadre of working-class movement that ended Jim Crow—The Militant
• Print media reaction to Parks' death in the Newseum archive of front page images from 2005-10-25.
• Photo of Rosa Parks Childhood Home
• Rosa Parks at IMDb