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Schizoid personality disorder

From Wikipedia
schizoid personality disorder
class of disease
Subclass ofpersonality disorder, schizophrenia spectrum disorder, disease Edit
Short nameSzPD, ScPD, SPD, TEP Edit
Has causechildhood trauma, child neglect, preterm birth, genetics Edit
Studied bypsychiatry, clinical psychology Edit
Health specialtypsychiatry, clinical psychology Edit
Has phenotypeapathy Edit
ICD-9-CM301.2, 301.20 Edit
NCI Thesaurus IDC92631 Edit

Schizoid personality disorder (/ˈskɪtsɔɪd, ˈskɪdzɔɪd, ˈskɪzɔɪd/, dem often abbreviate as SzPD anaa ScPD) be a personality disorder wey be characterized by a lack of interest insyd social relationships,[1] a tendency toward a solitary anaa sheltered lifestyle, reservedness, emotional coldness, detachment, den apathy.[2] Affected individuals fi be unable to form intimate attachments to odas den simultaneously possess a rich den elaborate buh exclusively internal fantasy world.[3] Oda associated features dey include stilted speech, a lack of deriving enjoyment from chaw activities, feeling as though one be an "observer" rada dan a participant in life, an intolerance towards meeting emotional expectations of odas, apparent indifference wen praised anaa criticized, being on de asexual spectrum, den idiosyncratic moral anaa political beliefs.[4]

Symptoms typically dey start insyd late kiddie time anaa adolescence.[2] De cause of SzPD be uncertain, buh der be sam evidence of links den shared genetic risk between SzPD, oda cluster A personality disorders, den schizophrenia.[5][6][7][8][9] Thus, SzPD be considered to be a "schizophrenia-like personality disorder".[10][11] E be diagnosed by clinical observation, wey e fi be very difficult to distinguish SzPD from oda mental disorders anaa conditions (such as autism spectrum disorder, plus wich e fi sam times dey overlap).[12][13]

De effectiveness of psychotherapeutic den pharmacological treatments give de disorder yet to be empirically den systematically investigated. Dis be largely secof people plus SzPD rarely seek treatment for dema condition.[2] Originally, na dem use low doses of atypical antipsychotics to treat sam symptoms of SzPD, buh dema use no longer be recommended.[14] De substituted amphetamine bupropion fi be used to treat associated anhedonia.[15] However, e no general be practice to treat SzPD plus medications, oda dan for de short-term treatment of acute co-occurring disorders (e.g. depression).[16] Talk therapies such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) fi no be effective, secof people plus SzPD fi get a hard time forming a good working relationship plus a therapist.[2]

SzPD be a poorly studied disorder, wey der be little clinical data on SzPD secof e rarely be encountered insyd clinical settings. Na studies generally report a prevalence of less dan 1%.[10][17][18] E be more commonly diagnosed insyd males dan insyd females.[17] SzPD be linked to negative outcomes, wey dey include a significantly compromised quality of life, reduced overall functioning even after 15 years, den one of de lowest levels of "life success" of all personality disorders (dem measure as "status, wealth den successful relationships").[19][20][21] Bullying be particularly common towards schizoid individuals.[22][23] Suicide fi be a running mental theme give schizoid individuals, though dem no likely to attempt am.[24] Sam symptoms of SzPD (e.g. solitary lifestyle, emotional detachment, loneliness, den impaired communication), however, na e be stated as general risk factors for serious suicidal behavior.[25][26]

References

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  1. ↑ Dierickx S, Dierckx E, Claes L, Rossi G (July 2022). "Measuring Behavioral Inhibition and Behavioral Activation in Older Adults: Construct Validity of the Dutch BIS/BAS Scales". Assessment. 29 (5): 1061–1074. doi:10.1177/10731911211000123. hdl:10067/1775430151162165141. PMID 33736472. S2CID 232302371.
  2. 1 2 3 4 "Schizoid Personality Disorder". MedlinePlus. U.S. National Library of Medicine. 2014. Archived from the original on September 14, 2022.
  3. ↑ Reber A, Allen R, Reber E (2009) [1985]. The Penguin Dictionary of Psychology (in English) (4th ed.). London; New York: Penguin Books. p. 706. ISBN 978-0-14-103024-1. OCLC 288985213.
  4. ↑ Akhtar, Salman (2000-01-01). Broken Structures: Severe Personality Disorders and Their Treatment (in English). Jason Aronson, Incorporated. ISBN 978-1-4616-2768-5.
  5. ↑ Kendler KS, Czajkowski N, Tambs K, Torgersen S, Aggen SH, Neale MC, Reichborn-Kjennerud T (November 2006). "Dimensional representations of DSM-IV cluster A personality disorders in a population-based sample of Norwegian twins: a multivariate study". Psychological Medicine. 36 (11): 1583–1591. doi:10.1017/S0033291706008609. PMID 16893481. S2CID 21613637. Archived from the original on March 1, 2022.
  6. ↑ Arciniegas DB (2015). "Psychosis". CONTINUUM: Lifelong Learning in Neurology (in American English). 21 (3): 715–736. doi:10.1212/01.CON.0000466662.89908.e7. ISSN 1080-2371. PMC 4455840. PMID 26039850.
  7. ↑ Kendler KS, Myers J, Torgersen S, Neale MC, Reichborn-Kjennerud T (May 2007). "The heritability of cluster A personality disorders assessed by both personal interview and questionnaire". Psychological Medicine. 37 (5): 655–665. doi:10.1017/S0033291706009755. PMID 17224098. S2CID 465473. Archived from the original on June 8, 2021.
  8. ↑ Raine A, Allbutt J (February 1989). "Factors of schizoid personality". The British Journal of Clinical Psychology. 28 (1): 31–40. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1989.tb00809.x. PMID 2924025.
  9. ↑ Collins LM, Blanchard JJ, Biondo KM (October 2005). "Behavioral signs of schizoidia and schizotypy in social anhedonics". Schizophrenia Research. 78 (2–3): 309–322. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2005.04.021. PMID 15950438. S2CID 36987880.
  10. 1 2 Esterberg ML, Goulding SM, Walker EF (December 2010). "Cluster A Personality Disorders: Schizotypal, Schizoid and Paranoid Personality Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence". Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment. 32 (4): 515–528. doi:10.1007/s10862-010-9183-8. PMC 2992453. PMID 21116455.
  11. ↑ Charney DS, Nestler EJ (2005-07-21). Neurobiology of Mental Illness (in English). Oxford University Press, USA. p. 240. ISBN 978-0-19-518980-3.
  12. ↑ Lugnegård T, Hallerbäck MU, Gillberg C (May 2012). "Personality disorders and autism spectrum disorders: what are the connections?". Comprehensive Psychiatry. 53 (4): 333–340. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2011.05.014. PMID 21821235. Archived from the original on August 15, 2022.
  13. ↑ Cook ML, Zhang Y, Constantino JN (February 2020). "On the Continuity Between Autistic and Schizoid Personality Disorder Trait Burden: A Prospective Study in Adolescence". The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 208 (2): 94–100. doi:10.1097/NMD.0000000000001105. PMC 6982569. PMID 31856140.
  14. ↑ Thylstrup B, Hesse M (2009-04-01). ""I am not complaining"--ambivalence construct in schizoid personality disorder". American Journal of Psychotherapy. 63 (2): 147–167. doi:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.2009.63.2.147. PMID 19711768. Archived from the original on March 14, 2022.
  15. ↑ Sonny J (1997). "Chapter 3, Schizoid Personality Disorder". Personality Disorders: New Symptom-Focused Drug Therapy (in English). Psychology Press. pp. 45–56. ISBN 978-0-7890-0134-4.
  16. ↑ "Schizoid personality disorder – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic". mayoclinic.org (in English). August 17, 2017. Archived from the original on June 7, 2022. Retrieved 2022-09-30.
  17. 1 2 Triebwasser J, Chemerinski E, Roussos P, Siever LJ (December 2012). "Schizoid personality disorder". Journal of Personality Disorders. 26 (6): 919–926. doi:10.1521/pedi.2012.26.6.919. PMID 23281676. Archived from the original on June 19, 2022.
  18. ↑ "Schizoid Personality Disorder (pp. 652–655)". Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (2013). American Psychiatric Association. 2013. ISBN 978-0-89042-555-8 – via Internet Archive.
  19. ↑ Emmelkamp P, Kamphuis J (19 December 2013). Personality Disorders (in English). Taylor & Francis (published December 19, 2013). p. 54. ISBN 978-1-317-83477-9.
  20. ↑ Skodol AE, Bender DS, Morey LC, Clark LA, Oldham JM, Alarcon RD, Krueger RF, Verheul R, Bell CC, Siever LJ (April 2011). "Personality disorder types proposed for DSM-5". Journal of Personality Disorders. 25 (2): 136–169. doi:10.1521/pedi.2011.25.2.136. PMID 21466247. Archived from the original on August 29, 2021.
  21. ↑ Ullrich S, Farrington DP, Coid JW (December 2007). "Dimensions of DSM-IV personality disorders and life-success". Journal of Personality Disorders. 21 (6): 657–663. doi:10.1521/pedi.2007.21.6.657. PMID 18072866. S2CID 30040457.
  22. ↑ Millon T, Millon CM, Meagher S (2004). Personality Disorders in Modern Life. [electronic resource]. Library Genesis. Hoboken : John Wiley & Sons (published November 8, 2004). ISBN 978-0-471-66850-3.
  23. ↑ Descriptions from DSM-III (1980) and DSM-5 (2013):"Schizoid PD, Associated features (p. 310)" and "Schizoid PD (p. 652–655)".
  24. ↑ Masterson J, Klein R (17 June 2013). Disorders of the Self – The Masterson Approach (in English). New York: Taylor & Francis (published June 17, 2013). pp. 25–27, pp. 54–55, pp. 95–143 (therapy). ISBN 978-0-87630-786-1. LCCN 95020920. OL 788549M. Alt URL
  25. ↑ Levi-Belz Y, Gvion Y, Levi U, Apter A (April 2019). "Beyond the mental pain: A case-control study on the contribution of schizoid personality disorder symptoms to medically serious suicide attempts". Comprehensive Psychiatry. 90: 102–109. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2019.02.005. PMID 30852349.
  26. ↑ Attademo L, Bernardini F, Spatuzzi R (2021). "Suicidality in Individuals with Schizoid Personality Disorder or Traits: A Clinical Mini-Review of a Probably Underestimated Issue" (PDF). Psychiatria Danubina. 33 (3): 261–265. doi:10.24869/psyd.2021.261. PMID 34795159. S2CID 244385145. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 22, 2022.
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