Schizophrenia
| Schizophrenia | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Cloth embroidered by a person dem diagnose plus schizophrenia | |
| Specialty | Psychiatry[1] |
| Symptoms | Hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking den behavior, reduced affect display (flat) anaa inappropriate affect [2] |
| Complications | Harm to self anaa odas, social isolation, cognitive issues, heart disease, lifestyle diseases,[3] obesity den type 2 diabetes wey dey arise from antipsychotic medication[4][5] |
| Usual onset | Ages 16 to 30 |
| Duration | Chronic |
| Causes | Environmental den genetic factors |
| Risk factors | Family history, cannabis use for adolescence insyd, hallucinogen- anaa amphetamine-associated psychosis,[6] problems during pregnancy, childhood adversity, dem born anaa dem raise insyd a city[7] |
| Diagnostic method | Based on observed behavior, reported experiences, den reports of odas familiar plus de person |
| Differential diagnosis | Substance use disorder, Huntington's disease, mood disorders (bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder), autism,[8] borderline personality disorder, schizophreniform disorder, schizotypal personality disorder, schizoid personality disorder, antisocial personality disorder, psychotic depression, anxiety, disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, sleep paralysis |
| Management | Counseling, life skills training |
| Medication | Antipsychotics |
| Prognosis | 20–28 years shorter life expectancy |
| Frequency | ~0.32% (1 insyd 300) of de global population be affected[9] |
| Deaths | ~17,000 (2015) |
Schizophrenia (/skɪtsəfrɛniə/ ⓘ) be a mental disorder[10][11] wey be characterized variously by hallucinations (typically, hearing voices), delusions, disorganized thinking den behavior,[12] den flat anaa inappropriate affect.[11] Symptoms dey develop gradually den typically dey begin during young adulthood wey dem never be resolved.[12][13] Der be no objective diagnostic test; diagnosis dey base for observed behavior top, a psychiatric history wey dey include de person ein reported experiences, den reports of odas familiar plus de person.[12] For a diagnosis of schizophrenia, de described symptoms for be present for at least six months (according to de DSM-5) anaa one month (according to de ICD-11).[12][14] Chaw people plus schizophrenia get oda mental disorders, especially mood, anxiety, den substance use disorders, as well as obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD).[12]
References
[edit | edit source]- ↑ Jones D (2003) [1917]. Roach P, Hartmann J, Setter J (eds.). English Pronouncing Dictionary. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-3-12-539683-8.
- ↑ "Schizophrenia". Health topics. US National Institute of Mental Health. April 2022. Retrieved 22 August 2022.
- ↑ "Medicinal treatment of psychosis/schizophrenia". Swedish Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Assessment of Social Services (SBU). 21 November 2012. Archived from the original on 29 June 2017. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
- ↑ Proietto Sr J (November 2004). "Diabetes and Antipsychotic Drugs". Medsafe.
- ↑ Holt RI (September 2019). "Association Between Antipsychotic Medication Use and Diabetes". Current Diabetes Reports. 19 (10). National Center for Biotechnology Information: 96. doi:10.1007/s11892-019-1220-8. ISSN 1534-4827. PMC 6718373. PMID 31478094.
- ↑ Sara G, Large M, Lappin J, Murrie B (May 2020). "Transition of Substance-Induced, Brief, and Atypical Psychoses to Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 46 (3): 505–516. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbz102. PMC 7147575. PMID 31618428.
- ↑ Gruebner O, Rapp MA, Adli M, Kluge U, Galea S, Heinz A (February 2017). "Cities and Mental Health". Deutsches Ärzteblatt International. 114 (8): 121–127. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2017.0121. PMC 5374256. PMID 28302261.
- ↑ Ferri FF (2010). "Chapter S". Ferri's differential diagnosis: a practical guide to the differential diagnosis of symptoms, signs, and clinical disorders (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier/Mosby. ISBN 978-0-323-07699-9.
- ↑ "Schizophrenia Fact Sheet and Information". World Health Organization.
- ↑ "ICD-11: 6A20 Schizophrenia". World Health Organization. Retrieved 23 August 2022.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Owen MJ, Sawa A, Mortensen PB (July 2016). "Schizophrenia". The Lancet. 388 (10039): 86–97. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01121-6. PMC 4940219. PMID 26777917.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-5 (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association. 2013. pp. 99–105. ISBN 978-0-89042-555-8.
- ↑ "Schizophrenia". Health topics. US National Institute of Mental Health. April 2022. Retrieved 22 August 2022.
- ↑ The ICD-11 is the eleventh revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD). It replaces the ICD-10 as the global standard for recording health information and causes of death. The ICD is developed and annually updated by the World Health Organization (WHO). Development of the ICD-11 started in 2007 and spanned over a decade of work, involving over 300 specialists from 55 countries divided into 30 work groups, with an additional 10,000 proposals from people all over the world. Following an alpha version in May 2011 and a beta draft in May 2012, a stable version of the ICD-11 was released on 18 June 2018, and officially endorsed by all WHO members during the 72nd World Health Assembly on 25 May 2019.
