Jump to content

Self-harm

From Wikipedia
self-injury
defence mechanism, symptom, medical diagnosis
Subclass ofinjury, autoaggression, intentional human activity Edit
Health specialtypsychiatry, clinical psychology Edit
Possible treatmentpsychotherapy Edit
NCI Thesaurus IDC118206 Edit

Self-harm be intentional behavior wey dey cause harm to oneself. Dis be most commonly regarded as direct injury of one ein own tissues, usually widout suicidal intention.[1][2][3] Oda terms dem dey use such as cutting, self-abuse, self-injury, den self-mutilation for any self-harming behavior regardless of suicidal intent.[2][4] Common forms of self-harm dey include damaging de skin plus a sharp object anaa scratching plus de fingernails, hitting, anaa burning. De exact bounds of self-harm be imprecise, buh generally dey exclude tissue damage wey dey occur as an unintended side-effect of eating disorders anaa substance abuse, as well as more societally acceptable body modification, such as tattoos den piercings.[5]

Although self-harm be by definition non-suicidal, e still fi be life-threatening.[6] People wey dey do self-harm be more likely to die by suicide,[3][7] wey na 40–60% of people wey die by suicide previously self-harm.[8] Still, a minority per of those wey self-harm be suicidal.[9][10]

De desire to self-harm be a common symptom of sam personality disorders. People plus oda mental disorders sanso fi self-harm. Studies sanso dey provide strong support for a self-punishment function, den modest evidence for anti-dissociation, interpersonal-influence, anti-suicide, sensation-seeking, den interpersonal boundaries functions.[2] Self-harm sanso fi occur in high-functioning individuals wey get no underlying mental health diagnosis. De motivations for self-harm dey vary; sam dey use am as a coping mechanism to provide temporary relief of intense feelings such as anxiety, depression, stress, emotional numbness, anaa a sense of failure. Self-harm often be associated plus a history of trauma, wey dey include emotional den sexual abuse.[11][12]

Der be a number of different methods wey fi be used to treat self-harm, wich concentrate on either treating de underlying causes, anaa on treating de behavior einself. Oda approaches dey involve avoidance techniques, wich focus on keeping de individual occupied plus oda activities, anaa replacing de act of self-harm plus safer methods wey no dey lead to permanent damage.[13]

Self-harm dey tend to begin insyd adolescence. Self-harm insyd kiddie time be relatively rare, buh na de rate dey increase since de 1980s.[14] Self-harm sanso fi occur insyd de elderly population.[15] De risk of serious injury den suicide be higher insyd older people wey self-harm.[16] Captive animals, such as birds den monkeys, sanso be known to harm demaselves.[17]

References

[edit | edit source]
  1. ↑ Laye-Gindhu A, Schonert-Reichl KA (2005). "Nonsuicidal Self-Harm Among Community Adolescents: Understanding the 'Whats' and 'Whys' of Self-Harm". Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 34 (5): 447–457. doi:10.1007/s10964-005-7262-z. S2CID 145689088.
  2. 1 2 3 Klonsky ED (March 2007a). "The functions of deliberate self-injury: a review of the evidence". Clinical Psychology Review. 27 (2): 226–239. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2006.08.002. PMID 17014942. S2CID 1321836.
  3. 1 2 Muehlenkamp JJ (April 2005). "Self-injurious behavior as a separate clinical syndrome". The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 75 (2): 324–333. doi:10.1037/0002-9432.75.2.324. PMID 15839768.
  4. ↑ Groschwitz RC, Plener P. "The Neurobiology of Non-suicidal Self-injury (NSSI): A review" (PDF). Suicidology Online. 3: 24–32. Retrieved 2018-03-07.
  5. ↑ Klonsky, 2007b, p. 1040: "[B]ehaviors associated with substance and eating disorders—such as alcohol abuse, binging, and purging—are usually not considered self-injury because the resulting tissue damage is ordinarily an unintentional side effect. In addition, body piercings and tattoos are typically not considered self-injury because they are socially sanctioned forms of cultural or artistic expression. However, the boundaries are not always clear-cut. In some cases behaviors that usually fall outside the boundaries of self-injury may indeed represent self-injury if performed with explicit intent to cause tissue damage."
  6. ↑ Farber SK, Jackson CC, Tabin JK, Bachar E (2007). "Death and annihilation anxieties in anorexia nervosa, bulimia, and self-mutilation". Psychoanalytic Psychology. 24 (2): 289–305. doi:10.1037/0736-9735.24.2.289.
  7. ↑ Skegg K (2005). "Self-harm". Lancet. 366 (9495): 1471–1483. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)67600-3. PMID 16243093. S2CID 208794175.
  8. ↑ Hawton K, Zahl D, Weatherall R (June 2003). "Suicide following deliberate self-harm: long-term follow-up of patients who presented to a general hospital". The British Journal of Psychiatry. 182 (6): 537–542. doi:10.1192/bjp.182.6.537. PMID 12777346.
  9. ↑ Fox C, Hawton K (2004). Deliberate Self-Harm in Adolescence. London: Jessica Kingsley. ISBN 978-1-84310-237-3.
  10. ↑ Suyemoto KL (August 1998). "The functions of self-mutilation". Clinical Psychology Review. 18 (5): 531–554. doi:10.1016/S0272-7358(97)00105-0. PMID 9740977. S2CID 15468889.
  11. ↑ Meltzer H, Lader D, Corbin T, Singleton N, Jenkins R, Brugha T (2000). Non Fatal Suicidal Behaviour Among Adults aged 16 to 74 (PDF). Great Britain: The Stationery Office. ISBN 978-0-11-621548-2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-01-05. Retrieved 2023-08-27.
  12. ↑ Rea K, Aiken F, Borastero C (1997). "Building therapeutic staff: client relationships with women who self-harm". Women's Health Issues. 7 (2): 121–125. doi:10.1016/S1049-3867(96)00112-0. PMID 9071885.
  13. ↑ Klonsky ED, Glenn CR (March 2008). "Resisting Urges to Self-Injure". Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy. 36 (2): 211–220. doi:10.1017/S1352465808004128. PMC 5841247. PMID 29527120.
  14. ↑ Thomas B, Hardy S, Cutting P (1997). Stuart and Sundeen's mental health nursing: principles and practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 343. ISBN 978-0-7234-2590-8.
  15. ↑ Pierce D (1987). "Deliberate self-harm in the elderly". International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2 (2): 105–110. doi:10.1002/gps.930020208. S2CID 145408278.
  16. ↑ National Institute for Clinical Excellence (2004). National Clinical Practice Guideline Number 16: Self-harm (PDF). The British Psychological Society. Retrieved 2009-12-13.
  17. ↑ Jones IH, Barraclough BM (July 1978). "Auto-mutilation in animals and its relevance to self-injury in man". Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 58 (1): 40–47. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1978.tb06918.x. PMID 99981. S2CID 24737213.
[edit | edit source]
Dem retrieve am from "https://gpe.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Self-harm&oldid=96790"