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Sexually transmitted infection

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sexually transmitted infection
mode of transmission
Subclass ofinfectious disease, pandemic and epidemic-prone diseases Edit
Has causehuman sexual behavior, infection, sexual risk behavior, absence Edit
Health specialtyinfectious diseases Edit
Medical examinationhistopathology, blood culture, pelvic examination Edit
Possible treatmentantibiotic, antiviral drug, ablation, local anti-infective agent, post-exposure prophylaxis Edit
Handled, mitigated, or managed bysafe sex, barrier contraception, screening, monogamy, sexual abstinence Edit
ICPC 2 IDA78 Edit

A sexually transmitted infection (STI), dem sanso refer to as a sexually transmitted disease (STD) den de older term venereal disease (VD), be an infection wey be spread by sexual activity, especially vaginal intercourse, anal sex, oral sex, anaa sam times manual sex.[1][2][3] STIs often initially no dey cause symptoms,[1] wich dey result in a risk of transmitting dem to odas.[4][5] De term sexually transmitted infection generally be preferred over sexually transmitted disease anaa venereal disease, as e dey include cases plus no symptomatic disease.[6] Symptoms den signs of STIs fi include vaginal discharge, penile discharge, ulcers on anaa around de genitals, den pelvic pain.[1] Sam STIs fi cause infertility.[1]

Bacterial STIs dey include chlamydia, gonorrhea, den syphilis.[1] Viral STIs dey include genital warts, genital herpes, den HIV/AIDS.[1] Parasitic STIs dey include trichomoniasis.[1] Chaw STIs be treatable den curable; of de most common infections, syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, den trichomoniasis be curable, while HIV/AIDS den genital herpes no be curable.[1] Sam vaccinations fi decrease de risk of certain infections wey dey include hepatitis B den a few types of HPV.[7] Safe sex practices such as de use of condoms, dem get smaller number of sexual partners, den dem be insyd a relationship in wich each person has sex per plus de oda sanso dey decrease STIs risk.[1][7] Comprehensive sex education sanso fi be useful.[8]

STI diagnostic tests usually be easily available insyd de developed world, buh dem be often unavailable insyd de developing world.[1] Der often be shame den stigma associated plus STIs.[1] Insyd 2015, na STIs oda dan HIV result in 108,000 deaths worldwide.[9] Globally, insyd 2015, na about 1.1 billion people get STIs oda dan HIV/AIDS.[10] About 500 million get either syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia anaa trichomoniasis.[1] At least na an additional 530 million get genital herpes, den 290 million women get human papillomavirus.[1] Historical documentation of STIs insyd antiquity dey date back to at least de Ebers Papyrus (c. 1550 BCE) den de Hebrew Bible/Old Testament (8th/7th C. BCE).[11]

Cause

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Transmission

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A sexually transmitted infection present insyd a pregnant woman fi be passed on to de infant before anaa after birth.[12]

Risk of transmission per unprotected sexual act plus an infected person[13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]
Known risks Possible
Dey perform oral sex on a penis
  • Hepatitis B (low risk)[16]
  • HIV (0.01%)[17]
  • Hepatitis C (unknown)
Dey perform oral sex on a vagina
  • Throat gonorrhea[13]
  • Throat chlamydia[13]
Having oral sex performed on one ein penis
  • HPV
Having oral sex performed on one ein vagina
  • Herpes
  • HPV
  • Bacterial vaginosis[13]
  • Gonorrhea[13]
Vaginal sex—insertive
  • Hepatitis C
Vaginal sex—receptive
  • Chlamydia (30–50%)[16]
  • Crabs
  • Scabies
  • Gonorrhea (47%)[21]
  • Hepatitis B (50–70%)
  • Herpes
  • HIV (0.1%)[17]
  • HPV (high;[16] around 40–50%)[20]
  • Mycoplasma hominis infection[26]
  • Syphilis
  • Trichomoniasis
  • Ureaplasma infection[26]
  • Hepatitis C
Anal sex—insertive
  • Hepatitis C
Anal sex—receptive
  • Hepatitis C
Anilingus
  • Amoebiasis
  • Cryptosporidiosis (1%)
  • Giardiasis[30]
  • Hepatitis A[31](1%)
  • Shigellosis[32] (1%)
  • HPV (1%)

Bacterial

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References

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  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 "Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) Fact sheet N°110". who.int. November 2013. Archived from the original on 25 November 2014. Retrieved 30 November 2014.
  2. ↑ "Sexually transmitted infections". womenshealth.gov (in English). 2017-02-22. Retrieved 2017-12-08.
  3. ↑ Hoyle, Alice; McGeeney, Ester (2019). Great Relationships and Sex Education. Taylor and Francis. ISBN 978-1-351-18825-8. Retrieved July 11, 2023.
  4. ↑ Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Pfaller MA (2013). Medical microbiology (7th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby. p. 418. ISBN 978-0-323-08692-9. Archived from the original on 2015-12-01.
  5. ↑ Goering RV (2012). Mims' medical microbiology (5th ed.). Edinburgh: Saunders. p. 245. ISBN 978-0-7234-3601-0.
  6. ↑ Guidelines for the management of sexually transmitted infections (PDF). Geneva: World Health Organization. 2003. p. vi. ISBN 978-92-4-154626-3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-12-08.
  7. 1 2 "How You Can Prevent Sexually Transmitted Diseases". cdc.gov. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 31 May 2016. Archived from the original on 9 December 2014. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
  8. ↑ International technical guidance on sexuality education: An evidence-informed approach (PDF). Paris: UNESCO. 2018. p. 28. ISBN 978-92-3-100259-5.
  9. ↑ Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, et al. (GBD 2015 Mortality Causes of Death Collaborators) (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1459–1544. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1. PMC 5388903. PMID 27733281.
  10. ↑ Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, et al. (GBD 2015 Disease Injury Incidence Prevalence Collaborators) (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–1602. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. PMC 5055577. PMID 27733282.
  11. ↑ Gross G, Tyring SK (2011). Sexually transmitted infections and sexually transmitted diseases. Heidelberg: Springer Verlag. p. 20. ISBN 978-3-642-14663-3. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24.
  12. ↑ Kennedy CE, Yeh PT, Pandey S, Betran AP, Narasimhan M (July 2017). "Elective cesarean section for women living with HIV: a systematic review of risks and benefits". AIDS. 31 (11): 1579–1591. doi:10.1097/QAD.0000000000001535. PMC 5491238. PMID 28481770.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Edwards S, Carne C (April 1998). "Oral sex and transmission of non-viral STIs". Sexually Transmitted Infections. 74 (2): 95–100. doi:10.1136/sti.74.2.95. PMC 1758102. PMID 9634339.
  14. 1 2 3 Gillisons M (2007). "HPV Infection Linked to Throat Cancers". Johns Hopkins Medicine. Archived from the original on 2013-09-06.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 Hoare AN (2010). Mathematical models of HIV epidemics in Australia and South East Asia (Ph.D thesis). UNSW Sydney. Archived from the original on 19 April 2012.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 "Australasian contact tracing manual". Australasian Society for HIV, Viral Hepatitis and Sexual Health Medicine. Archived from the original on 1 March 2011. Specific infections where contact tracing is generally recommended
  17. 1 2 3 4 Varghese B, Maher JE, Peterman TA, Branson BM, Steketee RW (January 2002). "Reducing the risk of sexual HIV transmission: quantifying the per-act risk for HIV on the basis of choice of partner, sex act, and condom use". Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 29 (1): 38–43. doi:10.1097/00007435-200201000-00007. PMID 11773877. S2CID 45262002.
  18. 1 2 Holmes KK, Johnson DW, Trostle HJ (February 1970). "An estimate of the risk of men acquiring gonorrhea by sexual contact with infected females". American Journal of Epidemiology. 91 (2): 170–4. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121125. PMID 5416250.
  19. 1 2 3 Mahiane SG, Legeai C, Taljaard D, Latouche A, Puren A, Peillon A, Bretagnolle J, Lissouba P, Nguema EP, Gassiat E, Auvert B (January 2009). "Transmission probabilities of HIV and herpes simplex virus type 2, effect of male circumcision and interaction: a longitudinal study in a township of South Africa". AIDS. 23 (3): 377–383. doi:10.1097/QAD.0b013e32831c5497. PMC 2831044. PMID 19198042.
  20. 1 2 3 Burchell AN, Richardson H, Mahmud SM, Trottier H, Tellier PP, Hanley J, Coutlée F, Franco EL (March 2006). "Modeling the sexual transmissibility of human papillomavirus infection using stochastic computer simulation and empirical data from a cohort study of young women in Montreal, Canada". American Journal of Epidemiology. 163 (6): 534–43. doi:10.1093/aje/kwj077. PMID 16421235.
  21. 1 2 Platt R, Rice PA, McCormack WM (December 1983). "Risk of acquiring gonorrhea and prevalence of abnormal adnexal findings among women recently exposed to gonorrhea". JAMA. 250 (23): 3205–9. doi:10.1001/jama.250.23.3205. PMID 6417362.
  22. ↑ "STD Risks Chart". Department of Public Health, City & County of San Francisco. 2011. Archived from the original on 16 August 2011.
  23. 1 2 3 Jin F, Jansson J, Law M, Prestage GP, Zablotska I, Imrie JC, Kippax SC, Kaldor JM, Grulich AE, Wilson DP (March 2010). "Per-contact probability of HIV transmission in homosexual men in Sydney in the era of HAART". AIDS. 24 (6): 907–13. doi:10.1097/QAD.0b013e3283372d90. PMC 2852627. PMID 20139750.
  24. ↑ Bryan C (2011). "Infectious Disease Chapter Eight Sexually Transmitted Diseases". Microbiology and Immunology On-line. University of South Carolina School of Medicine. Archived from the original on 2014-06-24.
  25. ↑ Pearson R (2007). "Pinworm Infection". Merck Manual Home Health Handbook. Archived from the original on 2013-10-31.
  26. 1 2 3 4 "Mycoplasma Infections". WebMD (in American English). Archived from the original on 2017-07-30. Retrieved 2017-06-29.
  27. ↑ "Diseases Characterized by Urethritis and Cervicitis – 2015 STD Treatment Guidelines". www.cdc.gov. Retrieved 8 December 2017.
  28. ↑ Lis R, Rowhani-Rahbar A, Manhart LE (August 2015). "Mycoplasma genitalium infection and female reproductive tract disease: a meta-analysis". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 61 (3): 418–26. doi:10.1093/cid/civ312. hdl:1773/26479. PMID 25900174.
  29. ↑ Wiesenfeld HC, Manhart LE (July 2017). "Mycoplasma genitalium in Women: Current Knowledge and Research Priorities for This Recently Emerged Pathogen". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 216 (suppl_2): S389 – S395. doi:10.1093/infdis/jix198. PMC 5853983. PMID 28838078.
  30. ↑ "Giardia, Epidemiology & Risk Factors". Center For Disease Control. July 13, 2012. Archived from the original on May 2, 2015. Retrieved 2015-07-03.
  31. ↑ "Hepatitis A, Division of Viral Hepatitis". Center For Disease Control. May 31, 2015. Archived from the original on July 4, 2015. Retrieved 2015-07-03.
  32. ↑ "Shigella Infections among Gay & Bisexual Men". Center For Disease Control. April 23, 2015. Archived from the original on July 4, 2015. Retrieved 2015-07-03.
  33. ↑ "Chancroid". Lecturio. Retrieved 27 August 2021.
  34. ↑ "Chlamydia". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. Retrieved 27 August 2021.
  35. ↑ "Gonorrhea". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. Retrieved 27 August 2021.
  36. ↑ O'Farrell N (December 2002). "Donovanosis". Sexually Transmitted Infections. 78 (6): 452–457. doi:10.1136/sti.78.6.452. PMC 1758360. PMID 12473810.
  37. 1 2 Ljubin-Sternak S, Meštrović T (2014). "Chlamydia trachomatis and Genital Mycoplasmas: Pathogens with an Impact on Human Reproductive Health". Journal of Pathogens. 2014 183167. doi:10.1155/2014/183167. PMC 4295611. PMID 25614838.
  38. ↑ Zarei O, Rezania S, Mousavi A (2013). "Mycoplasma genitalium and cancer: a brief review". Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention. 14 (6): 3425–8. doi:10.7314/APJCP.2013.14.6.3425. PMID 23886122.
  39. ↑ McGowin CL, Anderson-Smits C (May 2011). "Mycoplasma genitalium: an emerging cause of sexually transmitted disease in women". PLOS Pathogens. 7 (5) e1001324. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1001324. PMC 3102684. PMID 21637847.
  40. ↑ Weinstein SA, Stiles BG (April 2012). "Recent perspectives in the diagnosis and evidence-based treatment of Mycoplasma genitalium". Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy. 10 (4): 487–99. doi:10.1586/eri.12.20. PMID 22512757. S2CID 207218803.
  41. ↑ Caini S, Gandini S, Dudas M, Bremer V, Severi E, Gherasim A (August 2014). "Sexually transmitted infections and prostate cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Cancer Epidemiology. 38 (4): 329–38. doi:10.1016/j.canep.2014.06.002. PMID 24986642.
  42. ↑ Schlicht MJ, Lovrich SD, Sartin JS, Karpinsky P, Callister SM, Agger WA (October 2004). "High prevalence of genital mycoplasmas among sexually active young adults with urethritis or cervicitis symptoms in La Crosse, Wisconsin". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 42 (10): 4636–40. doi:10.1128/JCM.42.10.4636-4640.2004. PMC 522307. PMID 15472322.
  43. ↑ McIver CJ, Rismanto N, Smith C, Naing ZW, Rayner B, Lusk MJ, Konecny P, White PA, Rawlinson WD (May 2009). "Multiplex PCR testing detection of higher-than-expected rates of cervical mycoplasma, ureaplasma, and trichomonas and viral agent infections in sexually active australian women". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 47 (5): 1358–63. doi:10.1128/JCM.01873-08. PMC 2681846. PMID 19261782.
  44. ↑ Taylor-Robinson D (October 1996). "Infections due to species of Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma: an update". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 23 (4): 671–82, quiz 683–4. doi:10.1093/clinids/23.4.671. JSTOR 4459713. PMID 8909826.
  45. ↑ "Syphilis". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. Retrieved 27 August 2021.
  46. ↑ Sharma H, Tal R, Clark NA, Segars JH (January 2014). "Microbiota and pelvic inflammatory disease". Seminars in Reproductive Medicine. 32 (1): 43–9. doi:10.1055/s-0033-1361822. PMC 4148456. PMID 24390920.
  47. ↑ Larsen B, Hwang J (2010). "Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma, and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a fresh look". Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2010: 1–7. doi:10.1155/2010/521921. PMC 2913664. PMID 20706675.

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