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Shahada

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Shahada
profession of faith, motto, declaration of faith
Subclass ofprofession of faith Edit
Part ofFive Pillars of Islam Edit
Get useconversion to Islam, talqin Edit
Native labelشَهَادَة, لَا إِلٰهَ إِلَّا ٱلله مُحَمَّدٌ رَسُولُ ٱلله, لَا إِلٰهَ إِلَّا ٱلله مُحَمَّدٌ رَسُولُ ٱلله Edit
Name in kanaシャハーダ Edit
Religion anaa worldviewIslam Edit
Language of work or nameArabic Edit
Depicted byIslamic flag Edit
Stack Exchange taghttps://islam.stackexchange.com/tags/shahada Edit

De Shahada (Arabic: الشَّهَادَةُ aš-šahādatu; Arabic pronunciation: [aʃʃahaːdatʊ],'de testimony'), dem sanso transliterate as Shahadah, be Islamic oath den creed, den one of de Five Pillars of Islam den part of de Adhan. E dey read: "I dey bear witness dat der be no god buh God, wey I bear witness dat Muhammad be de Messenger of God."

De Shahada dey declare belief insyd de oneness (tawhid) of God den de acceptance of Muhammad as God ein messenger. Sam Shia Muslims sanso dey include a statement of belief insyd de wilayat of Ali,[1] buh dem no dey consider am as an obligatory part for converting to Islam.[2] All dat be required be a single honest recitation of de Shahada for a person make e cam turn a Muslim according to chaw traditional schools.[3]

De testimonies

De declaration dey read:[4][5][6][7]

لَا إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا ٱللَّٰهُ‎ lit. 'There is no god but God'
مُحَمَّدٌ رَسُولُ ٱللَّٰهِ‎ lit. 'Muhammad is the Messenger of God'

De above two statements be commonly prefaced by de phrase ašhadu ʾan (lit. 'I dey bear witness dat'), dey yield de full form:

أَشْهَدُ أَنْ لَا إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا ٱللَّٰهُ وَأَشْهَدُ أَنَّ مُحَمَّدًا رَسُولُ ٱللَّٰهِ‎ lit. 'I bear witness that there is no god but God, and I bear witness that Muhammad is the Messenger of God.'

Translation den significance

Dem fi translate de Shahada into English as "Der be no god buh God. Muhammad be de messenger of God."[8] Insyd English, capitalization of a word ein initial letter dey indicate say ebe a proper noun; dat be, de name of a unique entity. If ebe a noun plus a lower case initial letter ebe a "common noun"; dat be a name wich no be unique to an entity, buh, instead, e fi apply to a number of members of a set.[9] De orthography of de translation der for dey replicate de original Arabic meaning so dat god be a common noun den God be a unique proper name.[10]

De noun shahādah (شَهَادَة), from de verb ( شَهِدَ), from de root š-h-d (ش-ه-د) wey dey mean "to observe, witness, testify", wey dey translate as "testimony" insyd both de everyday den de legal senses.[11]Dem sanso dey call de Islamic creed, insyd de dual form, shahādatān (شَهَادَتَان, literally "two testimonies"). De expression al-šahīd (ٱلْشَّهِيد, "de Witness") be used insyd de Quran as one of de "titles of God".[12]

Insyd Sunni Islam, de Shahada get two parts: 'lā ʾilāha ʾillā -llāh' ("Der be no deity except God"), wey 'muḥammadun rasūlu llāh' ("Muhammad be de Messenger of God"), wich dem sam times refer to am as de first Shahada den de second Shahada. Dem sanso know de first statement of de Shahada as de tahlīl.[13]

Insyd Shia Islam, de Shahada sanso get an optional third part, a phrase wey dey concern Ali, de first Shia imam den de fourth Rashidun caliph of Sunni Islam: وَعَلِيٌّ وَلِيُّ ٱللَّٰهِ (wa ʿaliyyun waliyyu llāh [wa.ʕa.lijːun wa.lijːu‿ɫ.ɫaː.h]), wich dey translate to "Ali be de wali of God".[1]

Insyd de Quran, de first statement of de Shahadah dey take de form lā ʾilāha ʾillā llāh twice (37:35, 47:19), den ʾallāhu lā ʾilāha ʾillā huwa (God, der be no deity buh Am) much more often.[14] E dey appear insyd de shorter form lā ʾilāha ʾillā huwa (Der be no deity buh Am) insyd chaw places.[15] E dey appear insyd dese forms about 30 times insyd de Quran. Dem never dey attach am plus de second part, den any mention of Ali, wey particularly be important to Shia Muslims, be absent from de Quran.[16]

Islam ein monotheistic nature dey reflect insyd de first sentence of de Shahada, wich dey declare belief insyd de oneness of God wey dat he be de entity per truly worthy of worship. De second sentence of de Shahada dey indicate de means by wich God offer guidance to human beings. De verse dey remind Muslims dat dem dey accept no be de prophecy of Muhammad per buh dem sanso dey accept de long line of prophets wey precede am.[17] While dem dey see de first part as a cosmic truth, de second be specific to Islam, as dem dey understand say members of de older Abrahamic religions no dey view Muhammad as one of dema prophets.[17]

De Shahada be a statement of both ritual den worship. Insyd a well-known hadith, Muhammad dey define Islam as dem dey witness dat der be no deity buh God den say Muhammad be God ein Messenger, dey give of alms (zakat), performing de ritual prayer, fasting during de month of Ramadan, den dey make a pilgrimage to de Kaaba: de Five Pillars of Islam be inherent insyd dis declaration of faith.[18][19]

Recitation

Recitation of de Shahadah be de most common statement of faith give Muslims. Sunnis,[12] Shia Twelvers, as well as Isma'ilis[20] dey consider am as one of de Five Pillars of Islam. Dem dey whisper am by de poppie into de ear of a newborn kiddie,[12] wey dem dey whisper am into de ear of a dying person.[21] De five canonical daily prayers each dey include a recitation of de Shahada. Recitation of de Shahada sanso be de formal step per in conversion to Islam.[12] Dis occasion often dey attract witnesses den sam times dey include a celebration to welcam de converts into dema new faith.[18] For accordance plus de central importance dem play by de notion of intention (Arabic: نِيَّة, niyyah) for Islamic doctrine insyd, de recitation of de Shahada for reflect understanding of ein import den heartfelt sincerity.[22][23] Intention be wat dey differentiate acts of devotion from mundane acts den a simple reading of de Shahada from invoking am as a ritual activity.[22][23]

Origin

Though de two statements of de Shahada be both present insyd de Quran (for instance, 37:35 den 48:29), dem no dey find dem der side by side as insyd de Shahada formula, buh dem be present insyd de Hadiths.[24][25][26][27] Versions of both phrases begin dey appear insyd coins den monumental architecture insyd de late seventh century, wich dey suggest dat e no be officially established as a ritual statement of faith til then. An inscription insyd de Dome of de Rock (est. 692) insyd Jerusalem dey read: "There is no deity but God alone; He has no partner with him; Muhammad is the Messenger of God". Anoda variant dey appear insys coins dem mint after de reign of Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan, de fifth Umayyad caliph: "Muhammad is the Servant of God and His messenger". Material evidence from de 690s dey document de existence of differing versions of de Shahada insyd different regions as dem oppose to wat go be standardize into a uniform version insyd later periods.[28] Although e no be clear wen de Shahada first cam into common use among Muslims, e be clear dat na de sentiments e dey express be part of de Quran den Islamic doctrine from de earliest period.[29]

Insyd Sufism

Na dem dey traditionally recite de Shahada insyd de Sufi ceremony of dhikr (Arabic: ذِکْر, "remembrance"), a ritual wey dey resemble mantras dem find insyd chaw oda religious traditions.[30] During de ceremony, dem fi repeat de Shahada thousands of times, sam times insyd de shortened form of de first phrase wer dem replace de word 'Allah' ("God") by 'huwa' ("Am"). De chanting of de Shahada sam times dey provide a rhythmic background for singing.[31]

Insyd Alawism

Secof de fact dat de Alawites, an ethnoreligious sect of Islam, dey believe dat Ali ibn Abi Talib, de "first Imam" insyd de Twelver school, as de physical manifestation of God den due to dis, dem no dey take de shahada as oda sectors of Islam.[32] Instead, dem dey state de shahada as "there is no God but Ali" in accordance to dema belief.[33] Secof dis den dema belief insyd Ali as de physical manifestation as God, na dem no dey consider dem Muslims secof ebe considered idolatrous til 1932 wen de Grand Mufti of Palestine, Amin al-Husseini, issue a fatwa wey dey seek to undermine de foundations of French colonialism insyd French Syria.[34]

Insyd architecture den art

De Shahada dey appear as an architectural element insyd Islamic buildings around de world, such as those insyd Jerusalem, Cairo, den Istanbul.[35][36]

Late-medieval den Renaissance European art dey display a fascination plus Middle Eastern motifs in general den de Arabic script for particular, as dem indicate by ein use, widout concern for ein content, for painting, architecture den book illustrations.[37][38]

Usage for flags top

Ottoman Turkish regimental standards plus Ottoman Turkish national flag
Jihadist variation of de Black Standard as various Islamist organisations use since de late 1990s, wich dey consist of de Shahada insyd white script centered for a black background top

Military flags plus de Shahada

  • Shahada Flag of Ottoman Army insyd Battle of Vienna (1683)
    Shahada Flag of Ottoman Army insyd Battle of Vienna (1683)
  • Shahada Flag of Ottoman Army insyd Morea (1690)
    Shahada Flag of Ottoman Army insyd Morea (1690)
  • One Side of Ottoman Turkish Regimental Standard plus Shahada wich dem use insyd World War 1 (1914)
    One Side of Ottoman Turkish Regimental Standard plus Shahada wich dem use insyd World War 1 (1914)

National flags plus de Shahada

  • Islamic State of Afghanistan (1992)
    Islamic State of Afghanistan (1992)
  • Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan
    Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan
  • Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
    Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
  • Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
    Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
  • Republic of Somaliland (unrecognized)
    Republic of Somaliland (unrecognized)
  • Kingdom of Yemen
    Kingdom of Yemen
 A mancus gold dinar of king Offa of Mercia, dem copy from de dinars of de Abbasid Caliphate (774); e dey include de Arabic text "Muhammad is the Messenger of God".
De Qibla of de Fatimid caliph al-Mustansir Billah insyd de Mosque of Ibn Tulun, Cairo wey dey show de Shia shahada wey dey end plus de phrase "'Aliyyan Waliyyullah" ("Ali is the vicegerent of God")
De first phrase of de Shahada insyd kufic calligraphy (1309), Kashan, Iran
De Shia Shahada for de mausoleum of Attar of Nishapur, Iran. De first phrase be insyd white, de rest insyd blue.
Tile panel insyd de Wazir Khan Mosque, Lahore, Pakistan. De Shahada dey on de top half of de panel.
Shahadas dem wrep insyd de style of a Mamluk tughra for de bottom right den insyd mirror image on bottom left
De Shahada dem wrep insyd square Kufic script, dem show as buildings topped plus domes den minarets, plus ein mirror image for de left
Shia Shahadah at Bab al-Futuh/Bab al-Nasr, Fatimid Cairo plus de phrase ʿAlīy walīy Allāh ("Ali is the vicegerent of God") for de end

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 The Later Mughals by William Irvine p. 130
  2. ↑ "When becoming a Muslim, is it essential to include 'Aliyyun waliullah' in the Kalima?". al-islam.org. Archived from the original on 12 May 2024. Retrieved 30 May 2024.
  3. ↑ Illustrated Dictionary of the Muslim World. Marshall Cavendish. 2011. ISBN 978-0-7614-7929-1.
  4. ↑ Malise Ruthven (January 2004). Historical Atlas of Islam. Harvard University Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-674-01385-8. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 12 August 2015.
  5. ↑ Richard C. Martín. Encyclopedia of Islam & the Muslim World. Granite Hill Publishers. p. 723. ISBN 978-0-02-865603-8.
  6. ↑ Frederick Mathewson Denny (2006). An Introduction to Islam. Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 409. ISBN 978-0-13-183563-4. Archived from the original on 5 August 2018. Retrieved 11 September 2017.
  7. ↑ Mohammad, Noor (1985). "The Doctrine of Jihad: An Introduction". Journal of Law and Religion. 3 (2): 381–397. doi:10.2307/1051182. JSTOR 1051182. S2CID 159793899.
  8. ↑ Rippin, Andrew (2005). Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices. Routledge. p. 259. ISBN 978-0-415-34882-9.
  9. ↑ Cummings, Louise (2018). Working with English Grammar. Cambridge University Press. pp. 74–75. ISBN 978-1-108-41577-4.
  10. ↑ Lewis, Franklin D. (2022). "The Spirituality of Persian Islamic Poetry". In Lawrence, Bruce B.; Cornell, Vincent J. (eds.). The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Islamic Spirituality. Wiley. p. 397. ISBN 978-0-470-67420-8.
  11. ↑ Wehr, Hans; J. Milton Cowan (1976). A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic (PDF). pp. 488–489. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 December 2015. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Cornell 2007, p. 8.
  13. ↑ Michael Anthony Sells (1999). Approaching the Qur'an: The Early Revelations. White Cloud Press. p. 151. ISBN 978-1-883991-26-5.
  14. ↑ Nasr et al (2015). The Study Quran. HarperOne. p. 110. (Footnote 255)
  15. ↑ Nasr et al (2015). The Study Quran. HarperOne. p. 1356. (Footnote 22)
  16. ↑ Edip Yuksel, et al (2007). Quran: A Reformist Translation. Brainbrow Press. Footnote 3:18.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Cornell 2007, p. 10.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Cornell 2007, p. 9.
  19. ↑ Lindsay 2005, p. 149.
  20. ↑ "Seeking the Straight Path: Reflections of a New Muslim". Archived from the original on 16 July 2007. Retrieved 9 July 2007.
  21. ↑ Azim Nanji (2008). The Penguin Dictionary of Islam. Penguin UK. p. 101. ISBN 978-0-14-192086-3. Archived from the original on 23 April 2016. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Andrew Rippin (2005). Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices. Psychology Press. pp. 104–105. ISBN 978-0-415-34888-1. Archived from the original on 22 April 2016. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Ignác Goldziher (1981). Introduction to Islamic Theology and Law. Princeton University Press. pp. 18–19. ISBN 978-0-691-10099-9. Archived from the original on 22 April 2016. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
  24. ↑ Sahih al-Bukhari 8
  25. ↑ Sahih Muslim 8a
  26. ↑ Jami` at-Tirmidhi 2609
  27. ↑ Sahih Muslim 16c
  28. ↑ Jere L. Bacharach; Sherif Anwar (2012-11-01). "Early Versions of the shahāda: A Tombstone from Aswan of 71 A.H., the Dome of the Rock, and Contemporary Coinage". Der Islam (in English). 89 (1–2): 60–69. doi:10.1515/islam-2012-0003. ISSN 1613-0928. Archived from the original on 18 March 2024. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
  29. ↑ Lindsay 2005, p. 140–141.
  30. ↑ Ian Richard Netton (19 December 2013). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Routledge. p. 143. ISBN 978-1-135-17960-1. Archived from the original on 22 April 2016. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
  31. ↑ Jonathan Holt Shannon (2006). Among the Jasmine Trees: Music and Modernity in Contemporary Syria. Wesleyan University Press. pp. 110–111. ISBN 978-0-8195-6798-7. Archived from the original on 22 April 2016. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
  32. ↑ Nisan, Mordechai (2002). "6: Alawites: To Power and the Unknown". Minorities in the Middle East (2nd ed.). McFarland & Company, Inc. p. 116. ISBN 978-0-7864-1375-1. 'Alawite religious faith, that is the belief-system of the Nusairi sect, is rooted in a doctrine whose ideas reflect multiple theological and philo-sophical influences. ... Greek or gnostic conceptions of the divinity intersperse with human incarnation as a key element in its theology.
  33. ↑ Madeleine Pelner Cosman; Linda Gale Jones (2009). "The Nusayriyya Alawis". Handbook to Life in the Medieval World, 3-Volume Set. Infobase Publishing. p. 407. ISBN 978-1-4381-0907-7.
  34. ↑ Balanche, Fabrice (2024-12-31). "Alawites Under Threat in Syria?". The Washington Institute for Near East Policy (in English). Archived from the original on 4 January 2025. Retrieved 2025-01-07.
  35. ↑ Doris Behrens-Abouseif (1989). Islamic Architecture in Cairo: An Introduction. Brill. p. 54. ISBN 978-90-04-09626-4. Archived from the original on 22 April 2016. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
  36. ↑ Oleg Grabar, ed. (1985). An Annual on Islamic Art and Architecture. Brill. p. 110. ISBN 978-90-04-07611-2. Archived from the original on 22 April 2016. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
  37. ↑ Eva Baer (2013). The Renaissance and the Ottoman World. Ashgate Publishing. pp. 41–43. ISBN 978-1-4724-0991-1. Archived from the original on 22 April 2016. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
  38. ↑ Anna Contadini, Claire Norton (1989). Ayyubid Metalwork With Christian Images. Brill. p. 47. ISBN 978-90-04-08962-4.

Sources

Dem retrieve am from "https://gpe.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shahada&oldid=55453"