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Shingles

From Wikipedia
herpes zoster
infectious disease, class of disease, signs den symptoms
Has causeHuman herpesvirus 3 Edit
Health specialtyinfectious diseases, dermatology, neurology Edit
Anatomical locationnervous system, ganglion Edit
ICD-9-CM053 Edit
ICPC 2 IDS70 Edit
NCI Thesaurus IDC71079 Edit

Shingles, dem sanso know as herpes zoster anaa zona,[1] be a viral disease wey be characterized by a painful skin rash plus blisters insyd a localized area.[2][3] Typically de rash dey occur insyd a single, wide mark either on de left anaa right side of de body anaa face.[4] Two to four days before de rash occur, der fi be tingling anaa local pain insyd de area.[4][5] Oda common symptoms be fever, headache, den tiredness.[4][6] De rash usually dey heal within two to four weeks,[2] buh sam people dey develop ongoing nerve pain wich fi last for months anaa years, a condition dem call postherpetic neuralgia (PHN).[4] Insyd those plus poor immune function de rash fi occur widely. If de rash involve de eye, vision loss fi occur.[2][7]

Shingles be caused by de varicella zoster virus (VZV) wey sanso dey cause chickenpox. Insyd de case of chickenpox, dem sanso call varicella, de initial infection plus de virus typically dey occur during kiddie time anaa adolescence.[4] Once na de chickenpox resolve, de virus fi remain dormant (inactive) insyd human nerve cells (dorsal root ganglia anaa cranial nerves)[8] for years anaa decades, after wich e fi reactivate den travel along nerve bodies to nerve endings insyd de skin, wey dey produce blisters.[4][5] During an outbreak of shingles, exposure to de varicella virus dem find insyd shingles blisters fi cause chickenpox insyd sam one wey no yet get chickenpox, although dat person no go suffer from shingles, at least on de first infection.[9] Dem no well understand how de virus dey remain dormant insyd nerve cells anaa subsequently dey re-activate.[4][10]

Na de disease be recognized since ancient times.[4] Risk factors for reactivation of de dormant virus dey include old age, poor immune function, den having contracted chickenpox before 18 months of age.[4] Diagnosis typically dey base on de signs den symptoms present.[11] Varicella zoster virus no be de same as herpes simplex virus, although dem both belong to de alpha subfamily of herpesviruses.[12]

Shingles vaccines dey reduce de risk of shingles by 50 to 90%, wey dey depend on de vaccine dem use.[4][13] Vaccination sanso dey decrease rates of postherpetic neuralgia, den, if shingles occur, ein severity.[4] If shingles develop, antiviral medications such as aciclovir fi reduce de severity den duration of disease if e start within 72 hours of de appearance of de rash.[11] Evidence no dey show a significant effect of antivirals anaa steroids on rates of postherpetic neuralgia.[14][15] Paracetamol, NSAIDs, anaa opioids fi be used to help plus acute pain.[11]

Dem estimate say about a third of people develop shingles at sam point insyd dema lives.[4] While shingles be more common among older people, kiddies sanso fi get de disease.[12] According to de US National Institutes of Health, de number of new cases per year dey range from 1.2 to 3.4 per 1,000 person-years among healthy individuals to 3.9 to 11.8 per 1,000 person-years among those older dan 65 years of age.[6][16] About half of those wey dey live to age 85 go get at least one attack, den fewer dan 5% go get more dan one attack.[4][17] Although symptoms fi be severe, risk of death be very low: 0.28 to 0.69 deaths per million.[8]

References

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  1. ↑ "Herpes zoster | Shingles, Varicella-Zoster, Pain Relief | Britannica". www.britannica.com (in English). 2024-09-18. Retrieved 2024-10-26.
  2. 1 2 3 "Shingles (Herpes Zoster) Signs & Symptoms". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 1 May 2014. Archived from the original on 26 May 2015. Retrieved 26 May 2015.
  3. ↑ Sivapathasundharam B, Gururaj N, Ranganathan K (2014). "Viral Infections of the Oral Cavity". In Rajendran A, Sivapathasundharam B (eds.). Shafer's textbook of oral pathology (Seventh ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences ]. p. 351. ISBN 978-8131238004. Archived from the original on 17 December 2019. Retrieved 11 September 2017.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Lopez A, Harrington T, Marin M (2015). "Chapter 22: Varicella". In Hamborsky J, Kroger A, Wolfe S (eds.). Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (13th ed.). Washington D.C.: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). ISBN 978-0990449119. Archived from the original on 30 December 2016. Retrieved 9 January 2020.
  5. 1 2 de Oliveira Gomes, Juliana; Gagliardi, Anna Mz; Andriolo, Brenda Ng; Torloni, Maria Regina; Andriolo, Regis B.; Puga, Maria Eduarda Dos Santos; Canteiro Cruz, Eduardo (2 October 2023). "Vaccines for preventing herpes zoster in older adults". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2023 (10) CD008858. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008858.pub5. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 10542961. PMID 37781954.
  6. 1 2 Dworkin RH, Johnson RW, Breuer J, Gnann JW, Levin MJ, Backonja M, et al. (2007). "Recommendations for the management of herpes zoster". Clin. Infect. Dis. 44 (Suppl 1): S1–26. doi:10.1086/510206. PMID 17143845.
  7. ↑ Johnson RW, Alvarez-Pasquin MJ, Bijl M, Franco E, Gaillat J, Clara JG, et al. (July 2015). "Herpes zoster epidemiology, management, and disease and economic burden in Europe: a multidisciplinary perspective". Therapeutic Advances in Vaccines. 3 (4): 109–120. doi:10.1177/2051013615599151. PMC 4591524. PMID 26478818.
  8. 1 2 Pan CX, Lee MS, Nambudiri VE (2022). "Global herpes zoster incidence, burden of disease, and vaccine availability: a narrative review". Therapeutic Advances in Vaccines and Immunotherapy. 10 25151355221084535. doi:10.1177/25151355221084535. PMC 8941701. PMID 35340552.
  9. ↑ "Shingles (Herpes Zoster) Transmission". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 17 September 2014. Archived from the original on 6 May 2015. Retrieved 26 May 2015.
  10. ↑ "Researchers discover how chickenpox and shingles virus remains dormant". UCLH Biomedical Research Centre (in English). 20 April 2018. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
  11. 1 2 3 Cohen JI (July 2013). "Clinical practice: Herpes zoster". The New England Journal of Medicine. 369 (3): 255–263. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp1302674. PMC 4789101. PMID 23863052.
  12. 1 2 "Overview". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 17 September 2014. Archived from the original on 16 May 2015. Retrieved 26 May 2015.
  13. ↑ Cunningham AL (2016). "The herpes zoster subunit vaccine". Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy. 16 (2): 265–271. doi:10.1517/14712598.2016.1134481. PMID 26865048. S2CID 46480440.
  14. ↑ Chen N, Li Q, Yang J, Zhou M, Zhou D, He L (February 2014). "Antiviral treatment for preventing postherpetic neuralgia". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014 (2) CD006866. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006866.pub3. PMC 10583132. PMID 24500927.
  15. ↑ Jiang X, Li Y, Chen N, Zhou M, He L (December 2023). "Corticosteroids for preventing postherpetic neuralgia". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2023 (12) CD005582. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005582.pub5. PMC 10696631. PMID 38050854.
  16. ↑ Nair PA, Patel BC (2 November 2021). "Herpes zoster". StatPearls. PMID 28722854. Archived from the original on 10 June 2022. Retrieved 10 June 2022 – via NCBI Bookshelf.
  17. ↑ Schmader KE, Dworkin RH (2011). "Herpes Zoster and Postherpetic Neuralgia". In Benzon HT (ed.). Essentials of Pain Medicine (3rd ed.). London: Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 358. ISBN 978-1437735932. Archived from the original on 17 December 2019. Retrieved 11 September 2017.

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