Slavery
Slavery be de ownership of a person as property, especially in regards to dema labour.[1] E be an economic phenomenon wey ein history dey reside insyd economic history.[2] Slavery typically dey involve compulsory work, plus de slave ein location of work den residence wey be dictated by de party wey dey hold dem insyd bondage. Enslavement be de placement of a person into slavery, wey dem dey bell de person a slave anaa enslaved person.
Na chaw historical cases of enslavement occur as a result of breaking de law, cam turn indebted, dey suffer a military defeat, anaa exploitation for cheaper labor; na oda forms of slavery dem institute along demographic lines such as race anaa sex. Na dem go keep slaves in bondage for life, anaa for a fixed period of time after wich na dem go be granted freedom.[3] Although slavery be usually involuntary wey dey involve coercion, der sanso be cases wer people voluntarily enter into slavery make dem bia a debt anaa earn money secof poverty. Insyd de course of human history, na slavery be a typical feature of civilization, wey na e exist insyd chaw societies thru out history,[4][5] buh now dem outlaw am insyd chaw countries of de world, except as a punishment for a crime.[6] In general na der be two types of slavery thru out human history: domestic den productive.
Insyd chattel slavery, de slave be legally rendered de personal property (chattel) of de slave owner. Insyd economics, de term de facto slavery dey describe de conditions of unfree labour den forced labour wey chaw slaves endure.[7] Insyd 2019, approximately 40 million people, of whom na 26% be kiddies, wey na e still enslaved thru out de world despite slavery be illegal. Insyd de modern world, more dan 50% of slaves provide forced labour, usually insyd de factories den sweatshops of de private sector of a country ein economy.[8] Insyd industrialised countries, human trafficking be a modern variety of slavery; insyd non-industrialised countries, people insyd debt bondage be common,[7] odas include captive domestic servants, people insyd forced marriages, den child soldiers.[9]
References
[edit | edit source]- ↑ Allain, Jean (2012). "The Legal Definition of Slavery into the Twenty-First Century". In Allain, Jean (ed.). The Legal Understanding of Slavery: From the Historical to the Contemporary. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 199–219. ISBN 978-0-19-164535-8.
- ↑ Harper, Kyle (2015). Slavery in the Late Roman World, AD 275-425. Cambridge University Press. p. 11. ISBN 9781107640818.
Slavery is an economic phenomenon, and a history of slavery must be situated within the economic history of the ancient world.
- ↑ Baker-Kimmons, Leslie C. (2008). "Slavery". In Schaefer, Richard T. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society. Vol. 3. SAGE Publishing. p. 1234. ISBN 9781412926942.
- ↑ Pargas, Damian (2023). "Introduction: Historicizing and Spatializing Global Slavery". The Palgrave Handbook of Global Slavery throughout History. Palgrave MacMillan. ISBN 978-3031132629.
- ↑ Engerman, Stanley; Paquette, Robert; Drescher, Seymour, eds. (2001). Slavery (Oxford Reader) (Reprinted ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 1. ISBN 9780192893024.
By the end of the twentieth century, slavery was no longer legally or morally acceptable anywhere in the world. Only two centuries ago, slavery was still among the most ubiquitous institutions in human societies, and had existed in most times and places throughout history.
- ↑ White, Shelley K.; White, Jonathan M.; Korgen, Kathleen Odell (2014). Sociologists in Action on Inequalities: Race, Class, Gender, and Sexuality. SAGE Publishing. p. 43. ISBN 978-1-4833-1147-0.
- 1 2 "Slavery in the 21st century". Newint.org. Archived from the original on May 27, 2010. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
- ↑ Hodal, Kate (May 31, 2016). "One in 200 people is a slave. Why?". The Guardian. Archived from the original on April 30, 2019.
- ↑ "Religion & Ethics – Modern slavery: Modern forms of slavery". BBC. January 30, 2007. Archived from the original on January 6, 2014. Retrieved June 16, 2009.
Bibliography
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- Applebaum, Anne (2003). Gulag: A History. New York: Knopf Doubleday Publishing.
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- Bales, Kevin (1999). Disposable People: New Slavery in the Global Economy. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-21797-3.
- Bales, Kevin (2004). New slavery: a reference handbook (2nd ed.). Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1-85109-816-X. OCLC 61363605.
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- Campbell, Gwyn (2004). The Structure of Slavery in Indian Ocean Africa and Asia. London: Frank Cass. ISBN 978-1-135-75917-9.
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- Conquest, Robert (1978). Kolyma: The Arctic Death Camps. New York: Viking Press.
- Conway, John (2008). A Look at the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments: Slavery Abolished, Equal Protection Established. Enslow Publishers. ISBN 978-1-59845-070-5.
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- Dobson, Miriam (October 2012). "Stalin's Gulag: Death, Redemption and Memory". The Slavonic and East European Review. 90 (4): 735–743. doi:10.5699/slaveasteurorev2.90.4.0735. S2CID 148284255.
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External links
[edit | edit source]Historical
[edit | edit source]- Slavery in America: A Resource Guide at the Library of Congress
- The Bibliography of Slavery and World Slaving, University of Virginia: a searchable database of 25,000 scholarly works on slavery and the slave trade
- Digital Library on American Slavery at University of North Carolina at Greensboro
- "Slavery Fact Sheets". Digital History. University of Houston. Archived from the original on February 9, 2014.
- The West African Squadron and slave trade, history of the Victorian Royal Navy
- Slavery and the Making of America at WNET
- "Understanding Slavery". Discovery Education. Archived from the original on March 26, 2010.
- Slavery archival sources, University of London, Senate House Library
- Mémoire St Barth (archives & history of slavery, slave trade and their abolition), Comité de Liaison et d'Application des Sources Historiques 2010
- Archives of the Middelburgsche Commercie Compagnie (MCC), 1720–1889 'Trade Company of Middelburg', Inventory of the archives of the Dutch slave trade across the Atlantic
- Slave Ships and the Middle Passage at Encyclopedia Virginia
- The Trans-Atlantic and Intra-American slave trade databases at Emory University
Modern
[edit | edit source]- 2018 Global Slavery Index at the Walk Free Foundation
- What is Modern Slavery?; Office To Monitor And Combat Trafficking In Persons, U.S. Department of State.