Jump to content

Sleep apnea

From Wikipedia
sleep apnea
class of disease, signs den symptoms
Subclass ofsleep disorder, apnea, sleep-related breathing disorder, disease Edit
Health specialtypulmonology, otolaryngology Edit
Possible treatmentcontinuous positive airway pressure, weight loss Edit
Drug or therapy used for treatmentcontinuous positive airway pressure Edit
ICD-9-CM780.57 Edit
ICPC 2 IDP06 Edit
NCI Thesaurus IDC26884 Edit

Sleep apnea (sleep apnoea anaa sleep apnœa insyd British English) be a sleep-related breathing disorder insyd wich repetitive pauses insyd breathing, periods of shallow breathing, anaa collapse of de upper airway during sleep results in poor ventilation den sleep disruption.[1][2] Each pause insyd breathing fi last for a few seconds to a few minutes den often dey occur chaw times a night.[3] A choking anaa snorting sound fi occur as breathing dey resume.[3] Common symptoms dey include daytime sleepiness, snoring, den non-restorative sleep despite adequate sleep time.[4] Secof de disorder dey disrupt normal sleep, those wey be affected fi experience sleepiness anaa feel tired during de day.[3] E be often a chronic condition.[5]

Sleep apnea fi be categorized as obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), insyd wich breathing be interrupted by a blockage of air flow, central sleep apnea (CSA), insyd wich regular unconscious breath simply stop, anaa a combination of de two.[3] OSA be de most common form.[3] OSA get four key contributors; dese dey include a narrow, crowded, anaa collapsible upper airway, an ineffective pharyngeal dilator muscle dey function during sleep, airway wey dey narrow during sleep, den unstable control of breathing (high loop gain).[6][7] Insyd CSA, de basic neurological controls for breathing rate malfunction den fail to give de signal to inhale, wey dey cause de individual to miss one anaa more cycles of breathing. If de pause insyd breathing be long enough, de percentage of oxygen insyd de circulation fi drop to a lower dan normal level (hypoxemia) den de concentration of carbon dioxide fi build to a higher dan normal level (hypercapnia).[8] In turn, dese conditions of hypoxia den hypercapnia go trigger additional effects on de body such as Cheyne–Stokes respiration.[9]

Sam people plus sleep apnea be unaware dem get de condition.[3] Insyd chaw cases e be first observed by a family member.[3] An in-lab sleep study overnight be de preferred method for diagnosing sleep apnea.[7] Insyd de case of OSA, de outcome wey dey determine disease severity den dey guide de treatment plan be de apnea-hypopnea index (AHI).[7] Dis measurement be calculated from totaling all pauses insyd breathing den periods of shallow breathing wey dey last greater dan 10 seconds den dey divide de sum by total hours of recorded sleep.[1][7] In contrast, for CSA de degree of respiratory effort, dem measure by esophageal pressure anaa displacement of de thoracic anaa abdominal cavity, be an important distinguishing factor between OSA den CSA.[10]

A systemic disorder, sleep apnea be associated plus a wide array of effects, wey dey include increased risk of car accidents, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, myocardial infarction, stroke, atrial fibrillation, insulin resistance, higher incidence of cancer, den neurodegeneration.[11] Dem dey conduct further research on de potential of using biomarkers to understand wich chronic diseases be associated plus sleep apnea on an individual basis.[11]

Treatment fi include lifestyle changes, mouthpieces, breathing devices, den surgery.[3] Effective lifestyle changes fi include avoiding alcohol, losing weight, smoking cessation, den sleeping on one ein side.[12] Breathing devices dey include de use of a CPAP machine.[13] Plus proper use, CPAP dey improve outcomes.[14] Evidence dey suggest say CPAP fi improve sensitivity to insulin, blood pressure, den sleepiness.[15][16][17] Long term compliance, however, be an issue plus more dan half of people no dey appropriately use de device.[14][18] Insyd 2017, na 15% of potential patients per insyd developed countries use CPAP machines, while insyd developing countries well na under 1% of potential patients use CPAP.[19] Widout treatment, sleep apnea fi increase de risk of heart attack, stroke, diabetes, heart failure, irregular heartbeat, obesity, den motor vehicle collisions.[3]

OSA be a common sleep disorder. Na a large analysis insyd 2019 of de estimated prevalence of OSA find say OSA dey affect 936 million—1 billion people between de ages of 30–69 globally, anaa roughly every 1 insyd 10 people, den up to 30% of de elderly.[20] Sleep apnea be sam wat more common insyd men dan women, roughly a 2:1 ratio of men to women, den in general more people be likely make dem get am plus older age den obesity. Oda risk factors dey include being overweight,[11] a family history of de condition, allergies, den enlarged tonsils.[21]

References

[edit | edit source]
  1. 1 2 Chang, Jolie L.; Goldberg, Andrew N.; Alt, Jeremiah A.; Mohammed, Alzoubaidi; Ashbrook, Liza; Auckley, Dennis; Ayappa, Indu; Bakhtiar, Hira; Barrera, José E.; Bartley, Bethany L.; Billings, Martha E.; Boon, Maurits S.; Bosschieter, Pien; Braverman, Itzhak; Brodie, Kara (2023-07-13). "International Consensus Statement on Obstructive Sleep Apnea". International Forum of Allergy & Rhinology (in English). 13 (7): 1061–1482. doi:10.1002/alr.23079. ISSN 2042-6976. PMC 10359192. PMID 36068685.
  2. ↑ Roberts, Erin Grattan; Raphelson, Janna R.; Orr, Jeremy E.; LaBuzetta, Jamie Nicole; Malhotra, Atul (2022-07-01). "The Pathogenesis of Central and Complex Sleep Apnea". Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports (in English). 22 (7): 405–412. doi:10.1007/s11910-022-01199-2. ISSN 1534-6293. PMC 9239939. PMID 35588042.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Sleep Apnea - What Is Sleep Apnea? | NHLBI, NIH". www.nhlbi.nih.gov (in English). 2025-01-09. Retrieved 2026-02-01.
  4. ↑ Stansbury, Robert C.; Strollo, Patrick J. (2015-09-07). "Clinical manifestations of sleep apnea". Journal of Thoracic Disease (in English). 7 (9): E298-310. doi:10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2015.09.13. ISSN 2077-6624. PMC 4598518. PMID 26543619. Archived from the original on 11 March 2024. Retrieved 11 March 2024.
  5. ↑ Punjabi, Naresh M. (15 February 2008). "The Epidemiology of Adult Obstructive Sleep Apnea". Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society. 5 (2): 136–143. doi:10.1513/pats.200709-155MG. ISSN 1546-3222. PMC 2645248. PMID 18250205.
  6. ↑ Dolgin, Elie (29 April 2020). "Treating sleep apnea with pills instead of machines". Knowable Magazine. doi:10.1146/knowable-042820-1. Archived from the original on 30 May 2022. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Osman, A. M.; Carter, S. G.; Carberry, J. C.; Eckert, D. J. (2018). "Obstructive sleep apnea: Current perspectives". Nature and Science of Sleep. 10: 21–34. doi:10.2147/NSS.S124657. PMC 5789079. PMID 29416383.
  8. ↑ Majmundar, Sapan H.; Patel, Shivani (27 October 2018). Physiology, Carbon Dioxide Retention. StatPearls Publishing. PMID 29494063. Archived from the original on 20 May 2020. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
  9. ↑ Rudrappa, M.; Modi, P.; Bollu, P.C. (1 August 2022). Cheyne Stokes Respirations. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing. PMID 28846350. Archived from the original on 15 June 2023.
  10. ↑ Badr, M. Safwan; Javaheri, Shahrokh (March 2019). "Central Sleep Apnea: a Brief Review". Current Pulmonology Reports (in English). 8 (1): 14–21. doi:10.1007/s13665-019-0221-z. ISSN 2199-2428. PMC 6883649. PMID 31788413.
  11. 1 2 3 Lim, Diane C.; Pack, Allan I. (14 January 2017). "Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Update and Future". Annual Review of Medicine. 68 (1): 99–112. doi:10.1146/annurev-med-042915-102623. ISSN 0066-4219. PMID 27732789. Archived from the original on 10 May 2022. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  12. ↑ Gottlieb, Daniel J.; Punjabi, Naresh M. (14 April 2020). "Diagnosis and Management of Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Review". JAMA. 323 (14): 1389–1400. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.3514. ISSN 0098-7484. PMID 32286648. S2CID 215759986.
  13. ↑ "How Is Sleep Apnea Treated?". NHLBI. 10 July 2012. Archived from the original on 27 August 2016. Retrieved 18 August 2016.
  14. 1 2 Spicuzza L, Caruso D, Di Maria G (September 2015). "Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome and its management". Therapeutic Advances in Chronic Disease. 6 (5): 273–85. doi:10.1177/2040622315590318. PMC 4549693. PMID 26336596.
  15. ↑ Iftikhar IH, Khan MF, Das A, Magalang UJ (April 2013). "Meta-analysis: continuous positive airway pressure improves insulin resistance in patients with sleep apnea without diabetes". Annals of the American Thoracic Society. 10 (2): 115–20. doi:10.1513/annalsats.201209-081oc. PMC 3960898. PMID 23607839.
  16. ↑ Haentjens P, Van Meerhaeghe A, Moscariello A, De Weerdt S, Poppe K, Dupont A, Velkeniers B (April 2007). "The impact of continuous positive airway pressure on blood pressure in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: evidence from a meta-analysis of placebo-controlled randomized trials". Archives of Internal Medicine. 167 (8): 757–64. doi:10.1001/archinte.167.8.757. PMID 17452537.
  17. ↑ Patel SR, White DP, Malhotra A, Stanchina ML, Ayas NT (March 2003). "Continuous positive airway pressure therapy for treating sleepiness in a diverse population with obstructive sleep apnea: results of a meta-analysis". Archives of Internal Medicine. 163 (5): 565–71. doi:10.1001/archinte.163.5.565. PMID 12622603.
  18. ↑ Hsu AA, Lo C (December 2003). "Continuous positive airway pressure therapy in sleep apnoea". Respirology. 8 (4): 447–54. doi:10.1046/j.1440-1843.2003.00494.x. PMID 14708553.
  19. ↑ "3 Top Medical Device Stocks to Buy Now". 18 November 2017. Archived from the original on 7 July 2021. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
  20. ↑ Franklin, Karl A.; Lindberg, Eva (August 2015). "Obstructive sleep apnea is a common disorder in the population—a review on the epidemiology of sleep apnea". Journal of Thoracic Disease. 7 (8): 1311–1322. doi:10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2015.06.11. ISSN 2072-1439. PMC 4561280. PMID 26380759.
  21. ↑ "Who Is at Risk for Sleep Apnea?". NHLBI. 10 July 2012. Archived from the original on 26 August 2016. Retrieved 18 August 2016.
[edit | edit source]
Dem retrieve am from "https://gpe.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sleep_apnea&oldid=85058"