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Smallpox

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smallpox
infectious disease, class of disease, signs den symptoms
Has causeVariola virus (vaccinia) Edit
Dey afflicthuman Edit
Health specialtyinfectious diseases Edit
Medical examinationphysical examination, electron microscope, passive hemagglutination test Edit
Drug or therapy used for treatmentmetisazone, tecovirimat Edit
Anatomical locationzone of skin Edit
Date dem dissolve, abolish anaa demolish1978 Edit
Described at URLhttps://www.cdc.gov.tw/Disease/SubIndex/r-efSTx60KilIEf_MlwknA Edit
Has natural reservoirhuman Edit
WordLift URLhttp://data.medicalrecords.com/medicalrecords/healthwise/smallpox Edit
ICD-9-CM050.9, 050 Edit
ICPC 2 IDA76 Edit
NCI Thesaurus IDC35027 Edit

Na Smallpox be an infectious disease wey Variola virus cause (dem often call Smallpox virus), wich dey belong to de genus Orthopoxvirus.[1][2] Na dem diagnose de last naturally occurring case insyd October 1977, wey na de World Health Organization (WHO) certify de global eradication of de disease insyd 1980,[3] wey dey make smallpox de human disease per wey dem eradicate to date.[4]

Na de initial symptoms of de disease include fever den vomiting.[5] Na dis be followed by formation of ulcers insyd de mouth den a skin rash.[5] Over a number of days, na de skin rash turn into de characteristic fluid-filled blisters plus a dent insyd de center.[5] De bumps then scab over den fall off, wey dey leave scars.[5] Na de disease be transmitted from one person to anoda primarily thru prolonged face-to-face contact plus an infected person anaa rarely via contaminated objects.[6][7][8] Na dem achieve prevention mainly thru de smallpox vaccine.[9] Once de disease develop, na certain antiviral medications fi potentially help, buh na such medications no cam be available til after na dem eradicate de disease.[9] Na de risk of death be about 30%, plus higher rates among babies.[6][10] Often, na those wey survive get extensive scarring of dema skin, wey na sam be blind.[6]

Na de earliest evidence of de disease dey date to around 1500 BCE insyd Egyptian mummies.[11][12] Na de disease historically occur in outbreaks.[3] Na e be one of chaw diseases wey de Columbian exchange introduce to de New World, wey dey result in large swathes of Native Americans die. Insyd 18th-century Europe, na dem estimate say na 400,000 people die from de disease per year, den dat na one-third of all cases of blindness be secof smallpox.[3][13] Na dem estimate smallpox kill up to 300 million people insyd de 20th century[14][15] den around 500 million people insyd de last 100 years of ein existence.[16] Na earlier deaths include six European monarchs, wey dey include Louis XV of France insyd 1774.[3][13] As recently as 1967, na 15 million cases occur a year.[3] Na de final known fatal case occur insyd 1978 insyd a laboratory insyd de United Kingdom.

Na inoculation for smallpox appear e start insyd China around de 1500s.[17][18] Na Europe adopt dis practice from Asia insyd de first half of de 18th century.[19] Insyd 1796, na Edward Jenner introduce de modern smallpox vaccine.[20][21] Insyd 1967, na de WHO intensify efforts to eliminate de disease. Smallpox be one of two infectious diseases wey be eradicated, de oda be rinderpest (a disease of even-toed ungulates) insyd 2011.[22][23] Na dem first use de term "smallpox" insyd England insyd de 16th century to distinguish de disease from syphilis, wich na then dem know as de "great pox".[24] Oda historical names for de disease dey include pox, speckled monster, den red plague.[25][26][24]

De United States den Russia retain samples of variola virus insyd laboratories, wich na spark debates over safety.

References

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  1. ↑ Ryan KJ, Ray CG, eds. (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. pp. 525–28. ISBN 978-0-8385-8529-0.
  2. ↑ Babkin, I, Babkina, I (March 2015). "The Origin of the variola Virus". Viruses. 7 (3): 1100–12. doi:10.3390/v7031100. ISSN 1999-4915. PMC 4379562. PMID 25763864.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 "Smallpox". WHO Factsheet. Archived from the original on 21 September 2007.
  4. ↑ "Smallpox – Symptoms and causes". Mayo Clinic (in English). Archived from the original on 20 April 2022. Retrieved 2022-04-27.
  5. 1 2 3 4 "Signs and Symptoms". CDC (in American English). 7 June 2016. Archived from the original on 7 June 2020. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
  6. 1 2 3 "What is Smallpox?". CDC (in American English). 7 June 2016. Archived from the original on 7 June 2020. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
  7. ↑ Lebwohl, Mark G.; Heymann, Warren R.; Berth-Jones, John; Coulson, Ian (2013). Treatment of Skin Disease E-Book: Comprehensive Therapeutic Strategies (in English). Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 89. ISBN 978-0-7020-5236-1.
  8. ↑ Donald K. Milton (November 29, 2012). "What was the primary mode of smallpox transmission? Implications for biodefense". Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2 (150): 150. doi:10.3389/fcimb.2012.00150. PMC 3509329. PMID 23226686. the rarity of smallpox transmission via fomites suggests that mucosal exposure was not the primary means of transmission and is consistent with a preference for infection via the lower respiratory tract. The rarity of transmission on crowded buses and trains could be evidence that airborne transmission was not important. However, Fenner et al. (1988) state that transmission on public transport was rare because patients seldom traveled after becoming ill.
  9. 1 2 "Prevention and Treatment". CDC (in American English). 13 December 2017. Archived from the original on 15 December 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
  10. ↑ Riedel S (January 2005). "Edward Jenner and the history of smallpox and vaccination". Proceedings. 18 (1): 21–25. doi:10.1080/08998280.2005.11928028. PMC 1200696. PMID 16200144.
  11. ↑ "History of Smallpox". CDC (in American English). 25 July 2017. Archived from the original on 14 June 2020. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
  12. ↑ Thèves, Catherine; Crubézy, Eric; Biagini, Philippe (2016). "History of Smallpox and Its Spread in Human Populations". Microbiology Spectrum. 4 (4). doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.PoH-0004-2014. ISSN 2165-0497. PMID 27726788.
  13. 1 2 Hays JN (2005). Epidemics and Pandemics: Their Impacts on Human History (in English). ABC-CLIO. pp. 151–52. ISBN 978-1-85109-658-9.
  14. ↑ Koprowski, Hilary; Oldstone, Michael B. A. (1996). Microbe hunters, then and now. Medi-Ed Press. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-936741-11-6.
  15. ↑ Henderson DA (December 2011). "The eradication of smallpox – an overview of the past, present, and future". Vaccine. 29 (Suppl 4): D7–9. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.06.080. PMID 22188929.
  16. ↑ Henderson D (2009). Smallpox : the death of a disease. Prometheus Books. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-61592-230-7.
  17. ↑ Needham, Joseph (2000). Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 6, Biology and Biological Technology, Part 6, Medicine (in English). Cambridge University Press. p. 134. ISBN 978-0-521-63262-1. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
  18. ↑ Silverstein, Arthur M. (2009). A History of Immunology (2nd ed.). Academic Press. p. 293. ISBN 978-0080919461..
  19. ↑ Strathern, Paul (2005). A Brief History of Medicine. London: Robinson. p. 179. ISBN 978-1-84529-155-6.
  20. ↑ Wolfe RM, Sharp LK (August 2002). "Anti-vaccinationists past and present". BMJ. 325 (7361): 430–32. doi:10.1136/bmj.325.7361.430. PMC 1123944. PMID 12193361.
  21. ↑ "Smallpox vaccines". WHO. Archived from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
  22. ↑ Guidotti, Tee L. (2015). Health and Sustainability: An Introduction (in English). Oxford University Press. p. T290. ISBN 978-0-19-932568-9.
  23. ↑ Roossinck, Marilyn J. (2016). Virus: An Illustrated Guide to 101 Incredible Microbes (in English). Princeton University Press. p. 126. ISBN 978-1-4008-8325-7.
  24. 1 2 Barquet N, Domingo P (October 1997). "Smallpox: the triumph over the most terrible of the ministers of death". Annals of Internal Medicine. 127 (8 Pt 1): 635–42. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.695.883. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-127-8_Part_1-199710150-00010. PMID 9341063. S2CID 20357515.
  25. ↑ Fenner F, Henderson DA, Arita I, Ježek Z, Ladnyi ID (1988). "The History of Smallpox and its Spread Around the World" (PDF). Smallpox and its eradication. History of International Public Health. Vol. 6. Geneva: World Health Organization. pp. 209–44. hdl:10665/39485. ISBN 978-92-4-156110-5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 December 2019. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
  26. ↑ Medicine: The Definitive Illustrated History. Pengui. 2016. p. 100. ISBN 978-1-4654-5893-3.
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