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Spina bifida

From Wikipedia
spina bifida
class of disease
Subclass ofneural tube defect, spinal dysraphism, disease Edit
Health specialtymedical genetics, neurology Edit
Symptoms and signsAsymptomatic Edit
NCI Thesaurus IDC101214 Edit

Spina bifida (SB;/ˈspaɪnə ˈbɪfɪdə/;[1] Latin for 'split spine')[2] be a birth defect insyd wich der be incomplete closing of de spine den de membranes around de spinal cord during early development insyd pregnancy.[3] Der be three main types: spina bifida occulta, meningocele den myelomeningocele.[3] Meningocele den myelomeningocele fi be grouped as spina bifida cystica.[4] De most common location be de lower back, buh insyd rare cases e fi be insyd de middle back anaa neck.[5]

Occulta get no anaa only mild signs, wich fi include a hairy patch, dimple, dark spot anaa swelling on de back at de site of de gap insyd de spine.[3][6] Meningocele typically dey cause mild problems, plus a sac of fluid present at de gap insyd de spine.[3] Myeloschisis, dem sanso know as open spina bifida, be de most severe form.[7] Problems dem associate plus dis form include poor ability to walk, impaired bladder anaa bowel control, accumulation of fluid insyd de brain, a tethered spinal cord den latex allergy.[7] Sam experts believe such an allergy fi be caused by frequent exposure to latex, wich be common for people plus spina bifida wey get shunts wey dem do chaw surgeries. Learning problems be relatively uncommon.[7]

Spina bifida be believed to be secof a combination of genetic den environmental factors.[8] After dem get one kiddie plus de condition, anaa if one of de parents get de condition, der be a 4% chance say de next child sanso fi be affected.[9] Not having enough folate (vitamin B9) insyd de diet before den during pregnancy sanso dey play a significant role.[8] Oda risk factors dey include certain antiseizure medications, obesity den poorly controlled diabetes.[9] Diagnosis fi occur either before anaa after dem born a kiddie.[10] Before birth, if a blood test anaa amniocentesis find a high level of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), der be a higher risk of spina bifida.[10] Ultrasound examination sanso fi detect de problem. Medical imaging fi confirm de diagnosis after birth.[10] Spina bifida be a type of neural tube defect wey relate to but distinct from oda types such as anencephaly den encephalocele.[11]

Chaw cases of spina bifida fi be prevented if de mommie get enough folate before den during pregnancy.[8] Dem fin adding folic acid to flour to be effective give chaw women.[12] Open spina bifida fi be surgically closed before anaa after birth.[13] A shunt fi be needed insyd those plus hydrocephalus, den a tethered spinal cord fi be surgically repaired.[13] Devices to help plus movement such as crutches anaa wheelchairs fi be useful.[13] Urinary catheterization sanso fi be needed.[13] In addition to de medical den surgical treatment options, physical therapy interventions fi be implemented to treat complications of spina bifida, such as neurogenic bladder. Physical therapists fi implement techniques such as electrical stimulation, wich dem show to improve bladder compliance den reduce detrusor muscle pressure insyd those plus spina bifida. Additionally, pelvic floor physical therapy fi facilitate neuromuscular re-education den improve bladder control by supporting continence den dey reduce urinary symptoms. Physical therapy dey offer a less invasive approach to improving overall bladder function. [14]

Rates of oda types of spina bifida dey vary significantly by country, from 0.1 to 5 per 1,000 births.[15] On average, insyd developed countries, wey dey include de United States, e dey occur insyd about 0.4 per 1,000 births.[16][9][17] Insyd India, e dey affect about 1.9 per 1,000 births.[18] Europeans be at higher risk compared to Africans.[19]

References

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  1. ↑ Oxford Learner's Dictionary.
  2. ↑ "Spina Bifida Information Page". www.ninds.nih.gov. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Archived from the original on 18 March 2021. Retrieved 16 March 2021.
  3. 1 2 3 4 "Spina Bifida: Condition Information". 2012-11-30. Archived from the original on 2015-05-18.
  4. ↑ Ferri, Fred F. (2016). Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2017: 5 Books in 1 (in English). Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 1188.e2. ISBN 978-0-323-44838-3.
  5. ↑ Deming, Laura (2011). Pediatric life care planning and case management (2nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. 392. ISBN 978-1-4398-0358-5.
  6. ↑ "How do health care providers diagnose spina bifida?". 2012-11-30. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
  7. 1 2 3 "Are there disorders or conditions associated with spina bifida?". 2012-11-30. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
  8. 1 2 3 "What causes spina bifida?". 2012-11-30. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
  9. 1 2 3 "How many people are affected by or at risk for spina bifida?". 2012-11-30. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
  10. 1 2 3 "How do health care providers diagnose spina bifida?". 2012-11-30. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
  11. ↑ "Neural Tube Defects (NTDs): Overview". 2012-11-30. Archived from the original on 9 May 2015. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
  12. ↑ Castillo-Lancellotti, C; Tur, JA; Uauy, R (May 2013). "Impact of folic acid fortification of flour on neural tube defects: a systematic review". Public Health Nutrition. 16 (5): 901–11. doi:10.1017/s1368980012003576. PMC 10271422. PMID 22850218.
  13. 1 2 3 4 "What are the treatments for spina bifida & related conditions?". 2012-11-30. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
  14. ↑ Orduña‐Martínez, Paula; Hernández‐Guillén, David; Blasco, José‐María; Cortés‐Amador, Sara; Balasch‐Bernat, Mercè; Fuentes‐Aparicio, Laura (October 2025). "Electrostimulation in Children With Neurogenic Bladder due to Spina Bifida: Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis". Birth Defects Research (in English). 117 (10). doi:10.1002/bdr2.2534. ISSN 2472-1727. PMC 12519759. PMID 41084966.
  15. ↑ M. Memet Ö̈zek (2008). Spina bifida: management and outcome. Milan: Springer. p. 58. ISBN 978-88-470-0650-8. Archived from the original on 2024-10-01. Retrieved 2017-09-14.
  16. ↑ Kondo, A; Kamihira, O; Ozawa, H (January 2009). "Neural tube defects: prevalence, etiology and prevention". International Journal of Urology. 16 (1): 49–57. doi:10.1111/j.1442-2042.2008.02163.x. PMID 19120526.
  17. ↑ Canfield, MA; Honein, MA; Yuskiv, N; Xing, J; Mai, CT; Collins, JS; Devine, O; Petrini, J; Ramadhani, TA; Hobbs, CA; Kirby, RS (November 2006). "National estimates and race/ethnic-specific variation of selected birth defects in the United States, 1999–2001". Birth Defects Research. Part A, Clinical and Molecular Teratology. 76 (11): 747–56. doi:10.1002/bdra.20294. PMID 17051527.
  18. ↑ Bhide, P; Sagoo, GS; Moorthie, S; Burton, H; Kar, A (July 2013). "Systematic review of birth prevalence of neural tube defects in India". Birth Defects Research. Part A, Clinical and Molecular Teratology. 97 (7): 437–43. doi:10.1002/bdra.23153. PMID 23873811.
  19. ↑ Puri, Prem (2011). Newborn surgery (3 ed.). London: Hodder Arnold. p. 811. ISBN 978-1-4441-4949-4.
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