Stereotypic movement disorder
| Subclass of | specific developmental disorder, motor disorder, stereotypy, disease  |
|---|---|
| Health specialty | psychiatry |
| Symptoms and signs | stereotypy |
| ICD-9-CM | 307.3 |
Stereotypic movement disorder (SMD) be a motor disorder plus onset insyd kiddie time wey dey involve restrictive anaa repetitive, nonfunctional motor behavior (e.g., hand waving anaa head banging), wey markedly dey interfere plus normal activities anaa dey result in bodily injury.[1] Unlike stimming insyd people on de autism spectrum, wey fi move insyd repetitive ways either consciously anaa subconsciously, chaw plus Stereotypic Movement Disorder mostly get anaa entirely involuntary movements wey be outsyd dema conscious control. While stereotypic movements be common insyd infancy den early childhood, dem dey make a diagnosis of SMD only wen such behaviors be prolonged, intense, den dey cause significant impairment.[2] De diagnosis dey require dat de behavior in question for no be secof de direct effects of a substance, autism, anaa anoda medical condition.[1]
De cause of dis disorder no be known. However, current research dey suggest say dysfunction insyd corticostriatal-thalamo-cortical (CSTC) circuits[3] den imbalances between de direct den indirect pathways of de basal ganglia fi play a role insyd ein development.[4] Na dem propose both environmental den genetic factors as potential risk factors. Environmental factors dey include limited social interaction, neglect, den psychological stress,[5] while na dem dey suspect a genetic predisposition,[6] although na dem identify no specific gene.[7]
Der be no definitive treatments give SMD.[8] However, na behavioral interventions, particularly habit reversal training, show promise insyd reducing symptoms.[8] Na dem identify pharmacological treatments such as clonazepam den naltrexone as potential treatments,[9] buh findings remain inconclusive.[10]
References
[edit | edit source]- 1 2 American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing. pp. 77–80. ISBN 978-0-89042-555-8.
- ↑ Freeman, Roger D; Soltanifar, Atefeh; Baer, Susan (August 2010). "Stereotypic movement disorder: easily missed". Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology. 52 (8): 733–738. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2010.03627.x. PMID 20187883.
- ↑ Valente, Francesca; Pesola, Chiara; Baglioni, Valentina; Teresa Giannini, Maria; Chiarotti, Flavia; Caravale, Barbara; Cardona, Francesco (14 February 2019). "Developmental Motor Profile in Preschool Children with Primary Stereotypic Movement Disorder". BioMed Research International. 2019: 1–6. doi:10.1155/2019/1427294. PMC 6393901. PMID 30895189.
- ↑ Lewis, Mark; Kim, Soo-Jeong (June 2009). "The pathophysiology of restricted repetitive behavior". Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders. 1 (2): 114–132. doi:10.1007/s11689-009-9019-6. PMC 3090677. PMID 21547711.
- ↑ Wilson, L.C.; Scarpa, A. (2017). "Child and Adolescent Psychopathology". Reference Module in Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Psychology. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-809324-5.06368-9. ISBN 978-0-12-809324-5.
- ↑ Harris, Kendra M.; Mahone, E. Mark; Singer, Harvey S. (April 2008). "Nonautistic Motor Stereotypies: Clinical Features and Longitudinal Follow-Up". Pediatric Neurology. 38 (4): 267–272. doi:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2007.12.008. PMID 18358406.
- ↑ Katherine, Mackenzie (April 2018). "Stereotypic Movement Disorders". Seminars in Pediatric Neurology. 25: 19–24. doi:10.1016/j.spen.2017.12.004. PMID 29735112.
- 1 2 Singer, Harvey S. (June 2009). "Motor Stereotypies". Seminars in Pediatric Neurology. 16 (2): 77–81. doi:10.1016/j.spen.2009.03.008. PMID 19501335.
- ↑ Mendez, Mario F.; Mirea, Adrian (September 1998). "Adult head-banging and stereotypic movement disorders". Movement Disorders. 13 (5): 825–828. doi:10.1002/mds.870130512. PMID 9756153.
- ↑ Muthugovindan, Deivasumathy; Singer, Harvey (April 2009). "Motor stereotypy disorders". Current Opinion in Neurology. 22 (2): 131–136. doi:10.1097/WCO.0b013e328326f6c8. PMID 19532036.