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Suicide

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Suicide
The Suicide by Édouard Manet
SpecialtyPsychiatry
Usual onset>70 den 15–30 years old
CausesHanging, pesticide poisoning, firearms
Risk factorsDepression, bipolar disorder, autism, schizophrenia, personality disorders, anxiety disorders, alcoholism, substance abuse[1]
PreventionLimiting access to methods of suicide, treating mental disorders den substance misuse, careful media wey dey report about suicide, improving social den economic conditions
Frequency12 per 100,000 per year
Deaths793,000 / 1.5% of deaths (2016)[2]

Suicide be de act of intentionally wey dey cause one ein own death.[3]

Risk factors for suicide dey include mental disorders, physical disorders, den substance abuse.[4][5][6][7] Sam suicides be impulsive acts wey be driven by stress (such as from financial anaa academic difficulties), relationship problems (such as breakups anaa divorces), anaa harassment den bullying.[4][8][9] Those wey na dem previously attempt suicide be at a higher risk for future attempts.[4] Effective suicide prevention efforts dey include limiting access to methods of suicide such as firearms, drugs, den poisons; treating mental disorders den substance abuse; careful media reporting about suicide; improving economic conditions;[4][10] den dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT).[11] Although crisis hotlines, like 988 insyd North America den 13 11 14 insyd Australia, be common resources, na dem no study dema effectiveness well.[12][13]

Suicide be de 10th leading cause of death worldwide,[5][14] wey dey account for approximately 1.5% of total deaths.[15] Insyd a given year, dis be roughly 12 per 100,000 people.[14] Though na suicides result insyd 828,000 deaths globally insyd 2015, an increase from 712,000 deaths insyd 1990, na de age-standardized death rate decrease by 23.3%.[16][17] By gender, suicide rates be generally higher among men dan women, wey dey range from 1.5 times higher insyd de developing world to 3.5 times higher insyd de developed world; insyd de Western world, non-fatal suicide attempts be more common among young people den women.[18] Suicide be generally most common among those over de age of 70; however, insyd certain countries, those aged between 15 den 30 be at de highest risk.[19] Na Europe get de highest rates of suicide by region insyd 2015.[20] Der be an estimated 10 to 20 million non-fatal attempted suicides every year.[21] Non-fatal suicide attempts fi lead to injury den long-term disabilities.[18] De most commonly adopted method of suicide dey vary from country to country wey e be partly related to de availability of effective means.[22] Assisted suicide, sam times dem do am wen a person dey insyd severe pain anaa dey face an imminent death, be legal insyd chaw countries den dey increase insyd numbers.[23]

References

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  1. ↑ De La Vega D, Giner L, Courtet P (March 2018). "Suicidality in Subjects With Anxiety or Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders: Recent Advances". Current Psychiatry Reports. 20 (4): 26. doi:10.1007/s11920-018-0885-z. PMID 29594718. S2CID 4549236.
  2. ↑ "Suicide across the world (2016)". World Health Organization. 2019-09-27. Archived from the original on 2004-07-01. Retrieved 2019-10-16.
  3. ↑ Stedman's Medical Dictionary (28th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2006. ISBN 978-0-7817-3390-8.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 "Suicide Fact sheet N°398". WHO. April 2016. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 3 March 2016.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Hawton K, van Heeringen K (April 2009). "Suicide". Lancet. 373 (9672): 1372–81. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60372-X. PMID 19376453. S2CID 208790312.
  6. ↑ Richa S, Fahed M, Khoury E, Mishara B (2014). "Suicide in autism spectrum disorders". Archives of Suicide Research. 18 (4): 327–39. doi:10.1080/13811118.2013.824834. PMID 24713024. S2CID 25741716.
  7. ↑ Dodds TJ (March 2017). "Prescribed Benzodiazepines and Suicide Risk: A Review of the Literature". The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders. 19 (2). doi:10.4088/PCC.16r02037. PMID 28257172.
  8. ↑ Bottino SM, Bottino CM, Regina CG, Correia AV, Ribeiro WS (March 2015). "Cyberbullying and adolescent mental health: systematic review". Cadernos de Saude Publica. 31 (3): 463–75. doi:10.1590/0102-311x00036114. PMID 25859714.
  9. ↑ "Suicide rates rising across the U.S." CDC Online Newsroom (in American English). 11 April 2019. Retrieved 19 September 2019. Relationship problems or loss, substance misuse; physical health problems; and job, money, legal or housing stress often contributed to risk for suicide.
  10. ↑ Preventing Suicide A Resource for Media Professionals (PDF). World Health Organization. Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse. 2008. ISBN 978-92-4-159707-4.
  11. ↑ DeCou CR, Comtois KA, Landes SJ (January 2019). "Dialectical Behavior Therapy Is Effective for the Treatment of Suicidal Behavior: A Meta-Analysis". Behav Ther. 50 (1): 60–72. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2018.03.009. PMID 30661567. S2CID 58666001.
  12. ↑ Sakinofsky I (June 2007). "The current evidence base for the clinical care of suicidal patients: strengths and weaknesses". Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 52 (6 Suppl 1): 7S–20S. doi:10.1177/07067437070526S102. PMID 17824349. Other suicide prevention strategies that have been considered are crisis centers and hotlines, method control, and media education... There is minimal research on these strategies. Even though crisis centers and hotlines are used by suicidal youth, information about their impact on suicidal behavior is lacking.
  13. ↑ Zalsman G, Hawton K, Wasserman D, van Heeringen K, Arensman E, Sarchiapone M, et al. (July 2016). "Suicide prevention strategies revisited: 10-year systematic review". The Lancet. Psychiatry. 3 (7): 646–59. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30030-X. hdl:1854/LU-8509936. PMID 27289303. Other approaches that need further investigation include gatekeeper training, education of physicians, and internet and helpline support.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Värnik P (March 2012). "Suicide in the world". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 9 (3): 760–71. doi:10.3390/ijerph9030760. PMC 3367275. PMID 22690161.
  15. ↑ Fazel S, Runeson B (January 2020). "Suicide". New England Journal of Medicine. 382 (3): 266–74. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1902944. PMC 7116087. PMID 31940700. S2CID 210332277.
  16. ↑ Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, et al. (GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators) (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1459–1544. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1. PMC 5388903. PMID 27733281.. For the number 828,000, see Table 5, line "Self-harm", second column (year 2015)
  17. ↑ Naghavi M, Wang H, Lozano R, Davis A, Liang X, Zhou M, et al. (GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators) (January 2015). "Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013". Lancet. 385 (9963): 117–71. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2. PMC 4340604. PMID 25530442.. For the number 712,000, see Table 2, line "Self-harm", first column (year 1990)
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Chang B, Gitlin D, Patel R (September 2011). "The depressed patient and suicidal patient in the emergency department: evidence-based management and treatment strategies". Emergency Medicine Practice. 13 (9): 1–23, quiz 23–4. PMID 22164363.
  19. ↑ Preventing suicide: a global imperative. WHO. 2014. pp. 7, 20, 40. ISBN 978-92-4-156477-9.
  20. ↑ "Suicide rates per (100 000 population)". World Health Organization.
  21. ↑ Bertolote JM, Fleischmann A (October 2002). "Suicide and psychiatric diagnosis: a worldwide perspective". World Psychiatry. 1 (3): 181–5. PMC 1489848. PMID 16946849.
  22. ↑ Yip PS, Caine E, Yousuf S, Chang SS, Wu KC, Chen YY (June 2012). "Means restriction for suicide prevention". Lancet. 379 (9834): 2393–9. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60521-2. PMC 6191653. PMID 22726520.
  23. ↑ Montreal, Josie Ensor (16 October 2024). "'It's social murder' — is Canada's assisted dying a model or a warning?". www.thetimes.com.

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