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Sylvie Kinigi

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Sylvie Kinigi
human
Ein sex anaa genderfemale Edit
Ein country of citizenshipBurundi Edit
Name wey dem give amSylvie Edit
Family nameKinigi Edit
Ein date of birth24 November 1952 Edit
Place dem born amBujumbura Edit
Ein occupationpolitician Edit
Position eholdPresident of Burundi, Prime Minister of Burundi Edit
Educate forUniversity of Burundi Edit
Political party ein memberUnion for National Progress Edit

Sylvie Kinigi (née Ntigashira; dem born am 24 November 1953) be Burundian politician den economist wey serve as prime minister of Burundi from 10 July 1993 to 7 February 1994, den acting presido from November 1993 to 5 February 1994, wey e make am de second African woman to serve as a presido.

Dem born am to a Tutsi family, she earn a degree for banking insyd from de University of Burundi for 1979 insyd den anoda diploma from de Centre de Formation de la Profession Bancaire for Paris insyd. Politically, dem closely affiliate Kinigi plus de Union pour le Progrès national (UPRONA), Burundi ein only legal political party at de time, den be an active member of de Union des Femmes Burundaises, a subgroup of UPRONA, wey e serve as a member of ein central committee by 1987. For dat capacity insyd, she lobby give legislative changes den government measures to benefit women. For 1990 insyd, de Bank of de Republic of Burundi hire Kinigi to direct ein department of research den statistics, den de following year dem place am in charge of Burundi ein structural adjustment program.

For de summer of 1993 insyd, Burundi host free elections, wey UPRONA ein rival, Front pour la Démocratie au Burundi (FRODEBU) win am. De new FRODEBU Presido of Burundi, Melchior Ndadaye, appoint Kinigi prime minister of Burundi for 10 July top. Kinigi wish to pursue economic development while she be prime minister, but think dat dis dem no fi achieve am until dem reduce ethnic tensions between Tutsis den Hutus. Thus, she declare dat ethnic reconciliation go fi be ein top priority. For 21 October top, Tutsi soldiers for a coup attempt insyd kill Presido Ndadaye den several oda officials, wey e leave am de highest-ranking official alive den de de facto head of state of Burundi.

She join ein surviving ministers for de French embassy insyd until she fi return to ein residence under French military guard as de coup failed. Though ein government prove unable to contain de ethnic violence following de coup, she played key role for brokering a political compromise insyd dat allow give de election of Cyprien Ntaryamira as de next presido. She resign wen he take office for 1994 insyd den assume an executive position at de Banque Commerciale du Burundi. She then hold several international positions before e return to Burundi for 2008 insyd den e becam an independent economic consultant.

Ein early life den education

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Dem born Sylvie Ntigashira for 24 November 1953 top for Mugoyi, Ruanda-Urundi insyd (today for Bujumbura Rural Province insyd).[1] Ethnically, she be Tutsi.[2] Ein poppie be a merchant, while ein mommie farm den maintain demma home. De third of six kiddies, dem allow Ntigashira go school while de oldest daughter for de family insyd help demma mommie.[3] Nuns for de Ijenda parish insyd give am a primary den secondary education. She then study at de University of Burundi under de Faculty of Economic Sciences, wey e graduate for 1979 insyd plus a degree for banking den credit insyd. For 1990 insyd, she earn a Diplômes d'études supérieures from de Centre de Formation de la Profession Bancaire for Paris insyd.[1]

For 1973 insyd, Ntigashira marry a Burundian academic, Firmin Kinigi,[1] wey teach am before for school insyd, den get four[3] anaa five kiddies plus am.[1] He be ethnically Hutu.[4] Ein husband support ein desire to further ein education den career den de family hire a maid to take care of demma house den kiddies.[3] He die for either 1992[5] anaa 1993 insyd.[1]

Ein career

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Ein early political den government work

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Burundi becam independent from Belgium as Burundi for July 1962 insyd. De country quickly fall under de political domination of Tutsis at de expense of de Hutu majority ethnic group. Kinigi believe dat dem introduce democracy too rapidly for Burundi insyd without proper preparation, wey e lead to political organising along ethnic lines den de heightening of ethnic tensions.[2] Burundi ein government becam controlled by Tutsi military officers, wey rule give approximately 30 years.[3] Politically, dem closely affiliate Kinigi plus de Union pour le Progrès national (UPRONA), Burundi ein only legal political party, den be an active member of de Union des Femmes Burundaises, a subgroup of UPRONA, wey e serve as a member of ein central committee by 1987.[6] For dat capacity insyd, she lobby give legislative changes den government measures to benefit women.[3]

For 1990 insyd, de Bank of de Republic of Burundi hire Kinigi to direct ein department of research den statistics,[1] while e sanso dey teach courses at de University of Burundi.[3] For 1991 insyd, she lef de job[1] wen Presido Pierre Buyoya appoint am Special Consultant for de Office of de Prime Minister insyd,[4] wey e make am responsible give de implementation of Burundi ein structural adjustment program.[1] For dat capacity insyd, she conduct negotiations plus de International Monetary Fund, de World Bank, den foreign donors.[5] Impressed plus ein work, Buyoya subsequently appoint am Permanent Secretary for de Ministry of Economic Planning insyd.[4]

Prime Minister of Burundi

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For de summer of 1993 insyd, Burundi undergo a democratic transition.[5] De country host free elections, wey UPRONA ein rival, Front pour la Démocratie au Burundi (FRODEBU) win am. De new presido of Burundi, Melchior Ndadaye—de leader of FRODEBU den de first Hutu to becam head of state, offer Kinigi de position of prime minister of Burundi for ein new government insyd[6][7] to succeed Adrien Sibomana.[8] She reportedly consider de offer give some time, but eventually decide to accept it, wey e reason dat she no dey more politically inexperienced dan de army officers wey had previously rule de country. Furthermore, dem personally acquaint am plus Ndadaye, having studied alongside am at Parisian institutions den even sit for a committee top dat judge ein academic performance. She sanso be acquaintance of Léonard Nyangoma den Cyprien Ntaryamira, two FRODEBU politicians wey Ndadaye want to becam ministers for de new government insyd.[6] Speaking of ein selection, Kinigi state dat e be "a good surprise for Burundian women primarily, but for African women too."[7]

Kinigi ein appointment anger FRODEBU hardliners, wey dem dey see ein assumption of de premiership to be a betrayal by Ndadaye.[9] Plus ein selection sanso displease Radical UPRONA members, since de party no formally nominate am as a candidate, den dem feel dat Ndadaye choose am purely sekof she be a Tutsi woman den no expect to rely for ein abilities top for office insyd.[10] De government ultimately comprise two-thirds Hutu den one-third Tutsi members. Kinigi be one of two women ministers.[5] Dem swear de government in for 10 July insyd.[11] Kinigi wish to pursue economic development while she be prime minister, but think say dis dem no fi achieve am until dem reduce ethnic tensions. Thus, she declare dat ethnic reconciliation go be ein highest priority.[5] For mid-October insyd, she dispatch ein ministers across de country for a mission top to promote calm den understanding; she go to de northeast to denounce de "barbarism" of political violence wey dem associate plus de previous elections.[12]

Prime Minister Kinigi dey greet Presido Melchior Ndadaye at Bujumbura airport for 1993 insyd

For 21 October top, Tutsi soldiers for a coup attempt insyd kill Presido Ndadaye den several oda officials.[13] Military authorities present puppet civilian figure, François Ngeze, as de new head of state.[14] Kinigi ein bodyguards remain loyal to am during de takeova.[15] She den oda senior government figures take refuge for de French embassy insyd.[16] She be de highest-ranking civilian official to survive de coup attempt.[17][18] From de embassy she continue to issue directives for government policy top.[19] Buyoya den ein predecessor, Jean Baptiste Bagaza, both give demma support to ein government[20] den de coup fail sekof an outbreak of violence den international condemnation.[21] For 7 November top, she lef de embassy den return to ein residence under French military guard.[17] De death of Ndadaye den odas for de presidential line of succession insyd lef am de facto head of state of Burundi.[22] Tutsi extremists continue to employ violence for de aftermath of de coup insyd, wey e intimidate Kinigi ein government den e hamper ein ability to provide leadership to de country.[23]

Kinigi ein government— wey dey comprise 15 of de original 22 ministers—stabilise de situation for Bujumbura insyd, de capital, but prove unable to contain de ethnic violence across de country following de coup, in which thousands die.[13][24] De radical Tutsi UPRONA faction becam disgruntle plus ein actions before den especially during de crisis. Plus regards to ein failure to attend a commemoration give de anniversary of de death of erstwhile UPRONA leader Louis Rwagasore for 13 October top, de newspaper Panafrika write, "for a prime minister who said she was from Uprona, missing this ceremony was for some 'proof' that Sylvie Kinigi was not from Uprona. Some do not hesitate to say that if it hadn't been for this October 21 coup, she would now be at FRODEBU".[25] De newspaper L’Observateur argue "not having been mandated by UPRONA, knowing simply that she is Prime Minister thanks to God and to Ndadaye and to FRODEBU, the first lady [sic] will behave during the crisis of October 1993 as one would expect. She will be totally absent and when she tries to come forward, it is to tirelessly repeat the theses of FRODEBU".[26] For 15 November top, she write a letter to de Secretary General of de Organisation of African Unity, wey e appeal give a military intervention to restore order for de country insyd. De army den opposition politicians denounce dis as a proposal give a "recolonization" of Burundi.[27] For December insyd, ein government appoint a commission of inquiry wey de Procurator General lead am to investigate human rights abuses dat occurr after de coup, but ein work never begin sekof objections from de parliamentary opposition.[28]

"I wanted peace and normal conditions but my collaborators wanted me to declare a coup d'état! You can't carry on like that. When I managed to get a successor elected in a reasonably acceptable manner, I resigned."

—Kinigi dey speak for ein role top after de coup, 1999[29]

Kinigi, wey de leadership responsibility burden am place upon am by de political vacuum, wey e seek to enable de selection of a new presido.[26] For 9 January 1994 top, at ein direction, de National Assembly modify Article 85 of de Burundian constitution, wey dey empower einself to elect de next presido of Burundi. Four days later de National Assembly elect Ntaryamira to becam presido for a vote insyd, 78 to one. Dem schedule to inaugurate Ntaryamira for 22 January top, but de parliamentary opposition, wey UPRONA lead am, file a suit plus de Constitutional Court to block de installment. Dem argue dat Article 182 of de constitution, wey stipulate dat dem no fi modify de document for times of national crisis insyd, wey render de National Assembly ein amending of Article 85 void. FRODEBU parliamentarians argue dat de change be necessary to fill de vacancy, since dey hold a national election to replace de former presido go fi be impossible. De Constitutional Court rule for favor of de opposition insyd for a decision split along ethnic lines insyd. De Hutu justices subsequently resign den for 29 January top, Kinigi ein government issue a decree wey dey dismiss de Tutsi justices. Dis lead to several days of violence for Bujumbura insyd. Plus de assistance of United Nations representative Ahmedou Ould-Abdallah, Kinigi broker a compromise plus de opposition, wey dem go install Ntaryamira as presido plus a new UPRONA prime minister, den dem go reinstate Constitutional Court. Dem swear Ntaryamira in for 5 February top. Kinigi resign as prime minister wen dem inaugurate am. For 7 February top Ntaryamira appoint Anatole Kanyenkiko to replace am.

References

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  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Hatungimana 2012, p. 387.
  2. 1 2 Lorch, Donatella (26 April 1994). "Specter of Hate Stalks Burundi, Too: Tutsi soldiers and armed Hutu rebels mimic Rwandans". The New York Times. p. A9.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Skard 2014, p. 289.
  4. 1 2 3 Rickards, Colin (18 November 1993). "Burundi : Woman heads government". Share. Vol. 16, no. 31. p. 11.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Skard 2014, p. 290.
  6. 1 2 3 Hatungimana 2012, pp. 387–388.
  7. 1 2 Jansen 2008, p. 68.
  8. ↑ Banks 1993, p. 118.
  9. ↑ Hatungimana 2012, p. 388.
  10. ↑ Banshimiyubusa 2018, p. 405.
  11. ↑ Whitaker's Almanack 1993, p. 832.
  12. ↑ Giraudineau 1993, p. 34
  13. 1 2 Hoogensen & Solheim 2006, p. 51.
  14. ↑ Krueger & Krueger 2007, pp. 37–38.
  15. ↑ Giraudineau 1993, p. 34.
  16. ↑ Skard 2014, p. 290.
  17. 1 2 "PM leaves embassy". The Independent (third ed.). Reuters. 8 November 1993.
  18. ↑ Krueger & Krueger 2007, p. 39.
  19. ↑ "Burundi rivals talk, seek agreement". The Evening Sun. Hanover. 3 November 1993. p. A13.
  20. ↑ Edlin, John (1993). "Burundi: The land that lost its head". Southern Africa Political & Economic Monthly. pp. 25–26.
  21. ↑ Edlin, John (1993). "Burundi: The land that lost its head". Southern Africa Political & Economic Monthly. pp. 25–26.
  22. ↑ Hatungimana 2012, p. 388.
  23. ↑ Legum 1994, p. B-285.
  24. ↑ Skard 2014, pp. 290–291.
  25. ↑ Banshimiyubusa 2018, pp. 405–406.
  26. 1 2 Banshimiyubusa 2018, p. 406.
  27. ↑ Banshimiyubusa 2018, p. 643.
  28. ↑ Amnesty International Report 1994, p. 84.
  29. ↑ Skard 2014, p. 291.
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