Talk:Battle of Uhud
Add topicENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE
This is a branch of public health that is concerned with the control of all the factors that in man’s surroundings or physical environment which may have deleterious effect on human health and wellbeing.
It may also be seen as theories and practices of assessing, correcting, controlling and preventing factors present in the environment than potentially affect human health of present or future generations. This concept is linked to maintaining the sanitary conditions of the environment to prevent it from affecting the health of the people.
Environmental sanitation includes interventions to reduce exposure of human and animal live
to diseases by providing a clean environment to live.
Scope of Environmental Hygiene
The scope of environmental hygiene includes areas such as water supplies, waste treatment,
waste management, vector control, prevention and control of land pollution, port health, food
hygiene and safety, air quality management, environmental radiation hazards, occupational
health and safety, environmental noise management, accommodation establishments
Waste
is any substance which is discarded after primary use, or is worthless, defective and of no use. Examples include municipal solid waste (household trash/refuse), hazardous waste, wastewater (such as sewage, which contains bodily wastes (faeces and urine), What constitutes waste is situational and contextual hence depends on the jurisdiction. As one person's waste can be a resource for another person. Waste is
classified by source and composition.
• Refuse, is non-hazardous solid waste from a community that requires collection and
transport to a processing or disposal site. Refuse includes garbage and rubbish.
• Garbage is mostly decomposable food waste, and rubbish is mostly dry material such
as glass, paper, cloth, or wood
• Rubbish is mostly dry material such as glass, paper, cloth, or wood that does not readily
decompose. Some forms of rubbish are recyclable,
• Trash is rubbish that includes bulky items such as old refrigerators, couches, large tree
stumps, or construction and demolition waste all of which often require special collection
and handling.
• The sources of refuse include residential, commercial, institutional, and industrial
activities.
Hazardous wastes; These are wastes with properties that make it dangerous or capable of having a harmful effect on human health or the environment. Hazardous waste is material which is explosive, flammable, poisonous/infectious, and radioactive and the disposal of which poses a threat to the environment. According to Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), hazardous wastes are defined as any waste or combination of wastes which pose a substantial present or potential hazard to human health or living organisms because such wastes are non‐degradable or persistent in nature or because they can be biologically magnified, or because they can be lethal, or because they may otherwise cause or tend to cause detrimental cumulative effects. Some forms of solid and liquid waste are classified as hazardous because they are harmful to human health and the environment. Hazardous wastes include materials that are toxic, reactive, ignitable, corrosive, infectious, or radioactive. Toxic waste is essentially chemical waste from industrial, chemical, or biological processes that can cause injury or death when it is either ingested or absorbed by the skin. Example; Pesticides Reactive wastes are chemically unstable and react violently or explosively with air or water. Example explosives Infectious wastes (such as used bandages, hypodermic needles, and other materials from medical and research facilities) are materials that may contain pathogens. Radioactive wastes (such as spent fuel rods containing fissionable materials used in nuclear power generation and isotopes of cobalt and iodine used in cancer treatment and other medical applications) emit ionizing energy that can harm living organisms. Corrosive wastes include strong acidic or alkaline substances. They destroy solid material and living tissue upon contact, by chemical reaction. Ignitability is the characteristic used to define as hazardous those wastes that could cause a fire during transport, storage, or disposal. Examples of ignitable wastes include waste oils Hazardous wastes pose special handling, storage, and disposal challenges that vary according the nature of the material. Electronic waste Electronic or e-waste, is electronic equipment that has ceased to be of value to users or that no longer satisfies its original purpose as a result of redundancy, replacement, or breakage. Examples refrigerators, washing machines, microwave ovens and televisions, radios, computers, and cellular telephones. 2 UDS-SoNM NUR 207 E-waste contains a laundry list of chemicals that are harmful to people and the environment, like: mercury, lead, beryllium, brominates flame retardants, and cadmium, i.e. stuff that sounds as bad as it is. When electronics are mishandled during disposal, these chemicals end up in our soil, water, and air. Electronic waste is sometimes illegally exported to countries that don’t have laws on handling and disposing of it. Once there, it’s dumped. Sometimes, valuable materials are recovered, but often in unsafe working conditions. E-waste dumping site in Accra, Ghana Waste Management This is defined as the collection, transportation, and disposal of garbage, sewage, and other waste products. It is also seen as all the activities and actions required to manage waste from its inception to its final disposal. This includes amongst other things, collection, transport, treatment and disposal of waste together with monitoring and regulation. It also encompasses the legal and regulatory framework that relates to waste management encompassing guidance on recycling etc.”. The process of waste management involves treating solid and liquid waste. During the treatment, it also offers a variety of solutions for recycling items that aren’t categorized as trash. The entire idea thus boils down to re-using garbage as a valuable resource and given our current environmental climate, this process is extremely vital for all households and businesses. Methods of Waste Disposal Landfills Throwing daily waste/garbage in the landfills is the most popularly used method of waste disposal used today. This process of waste disposal focuses attention on burying the waste in the land. Landfills are commonly found in developing countries. There is a process used that eliminates the odors and dangers of waste before it is placed into the ground. While it is true this is the most popular form of waste disposal, it is certainly far from the only procedure and one that may also bring with it an assortment of space. This method is becoming less these days although, thanks to the lack of space available and the strong presence of methane and other landfill gases, both of which can cause numerous contamination problems. Landfills give rise to 3 UDS-SoNM NUR 207 air and water pollution which severely affects the environment and can prove fatal to the lives of humans and animals. Many areas are reconsidering the use of landfills. Incineration/Combustion Incineration or combustion is a type disposal method in which municipal solid wastes are burned at high temperatures. The process eventually converts them into residues and gaseous products. The biggest advantage of this type of method is that it can reduce the volume of solid waste to 20 to 30 percent of the original volume. Additionally, it also decreases the space they take up while also reducing the stress on landfills. Incinerators are primarily used in thermal treatment where solid waste materials are converted to heat, gas, steam, and ash. Incineration is also widely popular in countries where landfill space is no longer available, such as the US and Japan. Recovery and Recycling Resource recovery is the process of taking useful discarded items for a specific next use. These discarded items are then processed to extract or recover materials and resources or convert them to energy in the form of useable heat, electricity or fuel. Recycling is the process of converting waste products into new products to prevent energy usage and consumption of fresh raw materials. Recycling is the third component of Reduce, Reuse and Recycle waste hierarchy. The idea behind recycling is to reduce energy usage, reduce the volume of landfills, reduce air and water pollution, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and preserve natural resources for future use. Plasma gasification Plasma gasification is an extreme thermal process using plasma which converts organic matter into a syngas which is primarily made up of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. Syngas is a form of renewable energy used as fuel of internal combustion engines A plasma torch powered by an electric arc is used to ionize gas and catalyze organic matter into syngas, with slag remaining as a byproduct. Plasma gasification is another form of waste management. Plasma is primarily an electrically charged or highly ionized gas. Lighting is one type of plasma that produces temperatures that exceed 12,600 °F. With this method of waste disposal, a vessel uses characteristic plasma torches operating at +10,000 °F which is creating a gasification zone till 3,000 °F for the conversion of solid or liquid wastes into a syngas. During the treatment of solid waste by plasma gasification, the waste’s molecular bonds are broken down as a result of the intense heat in the vessels and the elemental components. Thanks to this process, the destruction of waste and dangerous materials are found. This form of waste disposal provides renewable energy and an assortment of other fantastic benefits. 4 UDS-SoNM NUR 207 Composting Composting is an easy and natural bio-degradation process that takes organic wastes i.e. remains of plants and garden and kitchen waste and turns into nutrient-rich food for your plants. Composting, normally used for organic farming, occurs by allowing organic materials to sit in one place for months until microbes decompose it. Note that composting is often deemed to be one of the best methods of waste disposal as it can turn unsafe organic products into safe compost. The process, however, has its downsides. Some people have found it to be slow, while others have observed that it takes a lot of space. But regardless of these issues, many people are still embracing home composting approaches to manage and reduce waste. Waste to Energy (Recover Energy) Waste-to-Energy, also widely recognized by its acronym WtE is the generation of energy in the form of heat or electricity from waste. Waste to energy (WtE) process involves the conversion of non-recyclable waste items into useable heat, electricity, or fuel through a variety of processes. This type of so energy is a renewable energy source as non-recyclable waste can be used over and over again to create it. WtE can also help reduce carbon emissions by offsetting the need for energy from fossil sources. Over time, this reduces global warming and makes our environment better. Special Waste Disposal There are certain waste types that are considered hazardous and cannot be disposed of without special handling which will prevent contamination from occurring. Biomedical waste is one example of such a waste disposal method. It is primarily practiced in health care facilities and similar institutions. The special waste disposal system effectively disposes of hazardous biomedical waste.
Start a discussion about Battle of Uhud
Talk pages are where people discuss how to make content on Wikipedia the best that it can be. You can use this page to start a discussion with others about how to improve Battle of Uhud.