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Tana River (Kenya)

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Tana River
main stem, river
Origin of the watercourseAberdare Range Edit
Mouth of the watercourseIndian Ocean Edit
TributaryThika River, Kathita River Edit
CountryKenya Edit
Coordinate location2°31′54″S 40°31′40″E Edit
Map

De Tana River be de longest river for Kenya insyd, dem sanso bell am Sagana River for de Mt Kenya region insyd den dey give ein name to de Tana River County.[1] E be ca. 1000 km long, ein catchment dey cover ca. 100,000 km2 den dem fi divide am into de headwaters den de lower Tana wey dey consist of de section downstream of Kora wey de river dey flow give ca. 700 km thru semi-den plains.[2] Ein tributaries dey include sam major rivers for de Central Region insyd like Thika, Ragati River, Nyamindi, Thiba, Mathioya, Chania, Thuci den Mutonga. De river dey rise from Mt Kenya for Nyeri insyd. E dey initially run southwest before e turn south around de massif of Mount Kenya den meanders all de way up to de Indian Ocean.

Below de dams, de river dey turn north den dey flow along de north-south boundary between de Meru den North Kitui den Bisanadi, Kora den Rabole National Reserves. For de reserves insyd, de river dey turn east, den then south east. E dey pass thru de towns of Garissa, Hola den Garsen before e enter de Indian Ocean at de Ungwana Bay-Kipini area, at de end of a river delta dat dey reach roughly 30 km upstream from de river mouth einself.[1] E dey run thru a semi-arid area den dey irrigate de land wey dey surround dem.

Annual flow dey above 5,000 million cubic meters (MCM) fpr average top, but dey vary substantially both within den across years, den dey include two flood seasons each year. Between 1944 den 1978, average total flow (at Garissa) dey 6,105 MCM, wey e vary from only 1,789 MCM for 1949 insyd to 13,342 MCM for 1968 insyd.[3] During de 1982–1996 period, annual flow remain above 5,000 MCM as well.[4] De following major irrigation projects draw water from de river: Bura Irrigation den Settlement Project, Tana Irrigation Scheme den de Tana Delta Irrigation Project.[5]

Der be evidence wey dey grow say climate change go disrupt de Tana River den ein surrounding habitats.[6][7][8]

Dams

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Dem construct a series of hydroelectric dams (de Seven Forks Hydro Stations anaa de Seven Forks Scheme) along de river. Dem dey include (for order of cascading insyd) de Masinga Dam (wey dem commission for 1981 insyd plus an installed capacity of 40MW), de Kamburu Dam (1974, 94.20MW), de Gitaru Dam (1978, 225.25MW), de Kindaruma Dam (1968, 72MW) den de Kiambere Dam (1988, 168MW).[9][10] en [11][12] De Masinga Reservoir den de Kiambere Reservoir, wey de Masinga den Kiambere dams create respectively, dey serve a dual purpose: hydro-electric power (HEP) generation den agricultural irrigation. Dem use de oda three exclusively give HEP generation. A 2003 study report say de series of dams along de Tana River supply two-thirds of Kenya ein electrical needs. Many pippoe believe dis river get groundwater underneath am, but e no get.[13] Dem then supply de electricity to de national grid system den distribute am countrywide thru a series of substations, transformers den cables.[14]

Eponyms

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Dem name Two species of African reptiles after de Tana River: Mochlus tanae den Myriopholis tanae.[15]

References

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  1. 1 2 Nakaegawa T., Wachana C. and KAKUSHIN Team-3 Modeling Group. (2012). "First impact assessment of hydrological cycle in the Tana River Basin, Kenya, under a changing climate in the late 21st Century," Hydrological Research Letters, 6, pp. 29–34.
  2. ↑ (Omengo, Fred & Geeraert, Naomi & Bouillon, Steven & Govers, Gerard. (2016). Sediment deposition patterns in a tropical floodplain, Tana River, Kenya. Catena. 143. 57–69. 10.1016/j.catena.2016.03.024.)
  3. ↑ Hughes, F. (1990). "The Influence of Flooding Regimes on Forest Distribution and Composition in the Tana River Floodplain, Kenya," Journal of Applied Ecology, 27(2), pp. 475–491.
  4. ↑ Maingi, J.K. and Marsh, S.E. (2002). "Quantifying hydrologic impacts following dam construction along the Tana River, Kenya," Journal of Arid Environments, 50, pp. 53–79.
  5. ↑ Government of Kenya 2007. Kenya Vision 2030: a Globally Competitive and Prosperous Kenya.
  6. ↑ Jenkins, Rhosanna L. M.; Warren, Rachel F.; Price, Jeff T. (2021-07-21). "Addressing risks to biodiversity arising from a changing climate: The need for ecosystem restoration in the Tana River Basin, Kenya". PLOS ONE (in English). 16 (7) e0254879. Bibcode:2021PLoSO..1654879J. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0254879. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 8294490. PMID 34288974.
  7. ↑ Muthuwatta, Lal; Sood, Aditya; McCartney, Matthew; Silva, Nishchitha Sandeepana; Opere, Alfred (2018-06-05). "Understanding the Impacts of Climate Change in the Tana River Basin, Kenya". Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences (in English). 379. Copernicus GmbH: 37–42. Bibcode:2018PIAHS.379...37M. doi:10.5194/piahs-379-37-2018. hdl:10568/96602. S2CID 51999648.
  8. ↑ Nakaegawa, Tosiyuki; Wachana, Calistus (2012). "First impact assessment of hydrological cycle in the Tana River Basin, Kenya, under a changing climate in the late 21st Century". Hydrological Research Letters. 6: 29–34. Bibcode:2012HRL.....6...29N. doi:10.3178/hrl.6.29.
  9. ↑ Adams, W.M.; Hughes, F.M.R. (1986). "The environmental effects of dam construction in tropical Africa: Impacts and planning procedures". Geoforum. 17 (3–4): 403–410. doi:10.1016/0016-7185(86)90007-2.
  10. ↑ Galadin, H., Bidault, N., Stephen, L., Watkins, B., Dilley, M., and Mutunga, N. (2006). "Reducing the Impacts of Floods through Early Warning and Preparedness: A Pilot Study for Kenya" (PDF). Arnold, Chen, Deichmann, Dilley, Lerner-Lam, Pullen, and Trohanis. Natural Disaster Hotspots Case Studies. The World Bank. Retrieved 2012-06-23.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ↑ "KenGen".
  12. ↑ "Hydropower Stations in Kenya - energypedia".
  13. ↑ "Tana River, Kenya: integrating downstream values into hydropower planning" (PDF). Case Studies in Wetland Valuation #6. International Union for Conservation of Nature. May 2003. Retrieved 2012-06-24.
  14. ↑ "KenGen increases hydropower output". Daily Nation (in English). Retrieved 2020-02-21.
  15. ↑ Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. ("Tana", p. 260).

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