Taqlid
| Religion anaa worldview | Islam  |
|---|
Taqlid (Arabic: تقليد, romanized: Taqlīd) be a term dem use insyd Islamic jurisprudence to denote de conformity of one person to de teaching of anoda. As such, de person wey dey perform taqlid be termed muqallid.[1] De definite meaning of de term dey vary depending on context den age. Classical usage of de term dey differ between Sunni Islam den Shia Islam. Sunni Islamic usage dey designate de unjustified conformity of one person to de teaching of anoda, rada dan de justified conformity of a layperson to de teaching of a mujtahid (a person wey be qualified for independent reasoning). Shia Islamic usage dey designate general conformity to de teaching of a mujtahid, wey der be no negative connotation. De discrepancy dey correspond to differing views on de Shia Imamate den Sunni imams.
Insyd contemporary Salafi usage, dem often dey portray taqlid insyd a negative light den translated as "blind imitation". Dis dey refer to de perceived stagnation of independent effort (ijtihad) den uncritical imitation of traditional religious interpretation by de religious establishment in general.[2]
Overview
[edit | edit source]De Arabic word taqlīd be derived from de three-letter Arabic verbal root of ق-ل-د Q-L-D , wich dey mean to imitate.[3] De term be believed to have originate from de idea of allowing oneself to be lead "by de collar". Dem dey call one wey perform taqlid a muqallid,[4] wer as dem dey call one wey reject taqlid a ghair-muqallid.
Sunni Islam
[edit | edit source]Traditionally, taqlid be lawful den obligatory wen one no be qualified as a mujtahid.[5] According to Rudolph Peters, dis be by de consensus of all Sunni Muslims.
Traditional Sunni scholars dey rely on two verses of de Qur'an wey order one to ask de people of knowledge anaa remembrance if dem no know den to obey Allah, de messenger den those insyd authority among dem.[5] Dem sanso rely on several hadiths, wey dey include one wer Muhammad tell ein companions, "If one no know wat to do, de only remedy be to inquire." Muhammad do dis after a companion wey fracture ein skull ask oda companions plus am whether he fi perform dry purification. Dem say no. So dis injured companion wash ein head plus water wey he die. Muhammad admonish ein companions by saying, "Dem kill am. May Allah kill dem. If one no know wat to do, de only remedy be to inquire."[6]
Salafi den Wahhabis reject taqlid of de four schools, Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i den Hanbali, den instead encourage ijtihad (independent reasoning)[7][8] Salafi Wahhabi scholars regard taqlid as a form of shirk (polytheism).[9][10][11][12] Salafis like Sanaullah Amritsari go to de extent of declaring taqlid as kufr (disbelief).[13]
Shia Islam
[edit | edit source]Insyd Shia Islam, taqlid "dey denote de following anaa "imitating" of de dictates of a mujtahid".[14] Following de greater occultation (al-ghaybatu 'l-kubra) insyd 941 CE (329 AH), de Twelver Shia be obliged to observe taqlid insyd dema religious jurisprudential affairs by following de teachings of a thinker (mujtahid) anaa jurist (faqih).[15] As of de 19th century de Shia ulama teach believers to turn to "a source of taqlid" (marja' at-taqlid) "for advice den guidance den as a model to be imitated."[16] Thus Shia wey no be experts insyd Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) be "legally required to follow de instructions of de expert, i.e., de mujtahid" insyd matters of sharia, buh dem be forbidden to do so insyd "matters of belief" (usul al-din).[17]
References
[edit | edit source]- ↑ Sharif, Surkheel (Abu Aaliyah). "The Truth About Taqlid (Part I)" (PDF). The Jawziyyah Institute. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-06.
- ↑ Weiss, Bernard G. (1995). "Taqlīd". In John L. Esposito. The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- ↑ Najm al-Din al-Tufi, Sharh Mukhtasar al-Rawdah (Beirut: Mu’assasah al-Risålah, 1410H), 3:65.
- ↑ Surkheel (Abu Aaliyah) Sharif, The Truth About Taqlid (Part I), the Jawziyyah Institute, 2007, p. 2 Archived 2009-03-06 at the Wayback Machine
- 1 2 Peter, Rudolph. "IDJTIHAD AND TAQLID IN 18TH AND 19TH CENTURY ISLAM". Die Welt des Islams: 139.
- ↑ Ibrahim, Ahmed Fekry; University, McGill (2016). "Rethinking the Taqlīd Hegemony: An Institutional, Longue-Durée Approach". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 136 (4): 801–816. doi:10.7817/jameroriesoci.136.4.0801. ISSN 0003-0279. JSTOR 10.7817/jameroriesoci.136.4.0801.
- ↑ L. Esposito, John (2003). The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 10, 333. ISBN 0-19-512558-4.
- ↑ C. Martin, Richard (2004). Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World. Macmillan Reference USA. pp. 727–728, 608–609, 26–27. ISBN 0-02-865603-2.
- ↑ Jūnagaṛhī, Muḥammad, Shamā Muḥammadī, p. 196,
Sharīʿā has declared Taqlīd ḥarām (forbidden) and it is called shirk
- ↑ Khān, Ṣiddīq Ḥasan, Majmūʿat al-Rasāʾil fī al-ʿAqīda, p. 188,
The one who says Taqlīd is wājib is a straightforward mushrik
- ↑ Rūpaṛī, ʿAbd Allāh, Taqlīd Awr Ulamāʾ Deoband, p. Title page,
The muqallid is a mushrik fī al-Risalā
- ↑ Fārūqī, Ḥakīm Muḥammad Idrīs, Masʾala Taqlīd, p. 100,
Taqlīd of the Fuqahāʾ is shirk-i risālat
- ↑ Amritsari, Sanaullah, Akhbār Ahl-i Ḥadīth Amrtisar, dated 23 Muharram 1333,
The Ahl-i Ḥadīth books Rasāʾil and Fatāwā clearly state Taqlīd (following an Imām) is not only declared as bidʿā but even as kufr
- ↑ Momen, Moojan (1985). An Introduction to Shiʻi Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shiʻism. Yale University Press. p. xxii. ISBN 0-300-03531-4. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
- ↑ "Taqlid: Meaning and Reality". al-islam.org (in English). 2013-01-20. Retrieved 2026-03-05.
- ↑ Momen, Moojan (1985). An Introduction to Shiʻi Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shiʻism. Yale University Press. p. 143. ISBN 0-300-03531-4. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
- ↑ "Taqlid: Meaning and Reality". al-Islam.org. 20 January 2013. Retrieved 29 September 2016.