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Tetanus

From Wikipedia
tetanus
infectious disease, class of disease
Has causeClostridium tetani Edit
Health specialtyinfectious diseases Edit
Medical examinationphysical examination, microbiological culture Edit
Disease transmission processcontact transmission Edit
ICD-9-CM037, 041.84 Edit
ICPC 2 IDN72 Edit
NCI Thesaurus IDC85185 Edit

Tetanus (from Ancient Greek τέτανος 'tension, stretched, rigid'), dem sanso know as lockjaw, be a bacterial infection wey Clostridium tetani cause wey be characterized by muscle spasms. Insyd de most common type, de spasms begin insyd de jaw den then progress to de rest of de body. Each spasm dey usually last for a few minutes. Spasms dey occur frequently for three to four weeks.[1][2] Sam spasms fi be severe enough to fracture bones.[3] Oda symptoms of tetanus fi include fever, sweating, headache, trouble swallowing, high blood pressure, den a fast heart rate. De onset of symptoms be typically 3 to 21 days following infection. Recovery fi take months; na about 10% of cases prove to be fatal.[1]

C. tetani commonly be found insyd soil, saliva, dust, den manure. De bacteria generally dey enter thru a break in de skin, such as a cut anaa puncture wound wey a contaminated object cause.[1][4] Dem dey produce toxins wey dey interfere plus normal muscle contractions.[5] Diagnosis be based on de presenting signs den symptoms. De disease no dey spread between people.[1]

Tetanus fi be prevented by immunization plus de tetanus vaccine. Insyd those wey get a significant wound wey na e get fewer dan three doses of de vaccine, both vaccination den tetanus immune globulin be recommended. De wound for be cleaned, den any dead tissue for be removed. Insyd those wey be infected, tetanus immune globulin, anaa, if unavailable, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) be used.[1] Muscle relaxants fi be used to control spasms. Mechanical ventilation fi be required if a person ein breathing be affected.[5]

Tetanus dey occur insyd all parts of de world buh e be most frequent insyd hot den wet climates wer na de soil get a high organic content.[1] Insyd 2015, na der be about 209,000 infections den about 59,000 deaths globally.[6][7] This is down from 356,000 deaths in 1990.[8] Insyd de US, der be about 30 cases per year, almost na all of wich be insyd people wey na dem no be vaccinated.[9] Na an early description of de disease be made by Hippocrates insyd de 5th century BC. Na de cause of de disease be determined insyd 1884 by Antonio Carle den Giorgio Rattone at de University of Turin, wey na dem develop a vaccine insyd 1924.[1]

References

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  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Atkinson, William (May 2012). Tetanus Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (12 ed.). Public Health Foundation. pp. 291–300. ISBN 978-0-9832631-3-5. Archived from the original on February 13, 2015. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
  2. ↑ Sudarshan, Raghav; Sayo, Ana Ria; Renner, David Roman; Saram, Sophia de; Godbole, Gauri; Warrell, Clare; Duong, Ha Thi Hai; Thwaites, C. Louise; Mehta, Arpan R.; Coughlan, Charles (2025-06-18). "Tetanus: recognition and management". The Lancet Infectious Diseases (in English). 25 (11): e645 – e657. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(25)00292-0. ISSN 1473-3099. PMC 7617864. PMID 40543524.
  3. ↑ "Tetanus Symptoms and Complications". cdc.gov. January 9, 2013. Archived from the original on 12 February 2015. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
  4. ↑ "Tetanus Causes and Transmission". www.cdc.gov. January 9, 2013. Archived from the original on 12 February 2015. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
  5. 1 2 "Tetanus For Clinicians". cdc.gov. January 9, 2013. Archived from the original on 12 February 2015. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
  6. ↑ Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, et al. (GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators) (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–1602. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. PMC 5055577. PMID 27733282.
  7. ↑ Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, et al. (GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators) (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1459–1544. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1. PMC 5388903. PMID 27733281.
  8. ↑ Naghavi M, Wang H, Lozano R, Davis A, Liang X, Zhou M, et al. (GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators) (January 2015). "Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013". Lancet. 385 (9963): 117–71. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2. PMC 4340604. PMID 25530442.
  9. ↑ "About Tetanus". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. United States Government. Retrieved 4 August 2019.
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