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The 1619 Project

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The 1619 Project
project, news article
Year dem found am2019 Edit
TitleThe 1619 Project Edit
Dem name after1619 Edit
CountryUnited States Edit
Ein locationNew York City Edit
Main subjectFirst Africans in Virginia, African American history Edit
Genrelong-form journalism Edit
CreatorDean Baquet, Nikole Hannah-Jones Edit
Publication dateAugust 2019 Edit
Language of work or nameAmerican English Edit
CommemoratesFirst Africans in Virginia Edit
CollectionThe New York Times Company Edit
Dema official websitehttps://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/08/14/magazine/1619-america-slavery.html, https://1619education.org/ Edit
Described at URLhttps://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/08/14/magazine/1619-america-slavery.html, http://pulitzercenter.org/lesson-plan-grouping/1619-project-curriculum, http://web.archive.org/web/20191221051513/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/20/magazine/letter-to-the-editor-historians-critique-the-1619-project-and-we-respond.html Edit
Hashtag1619project Edit
Published inThe New York Times Edit

The 1619 Project be a long-form journalistic historiographical work dat take a critical view of traditionally revered figures den events insyd American history, dey include de Patriots insyd de American Revolution, de Founding Fathers, along plus Abraham Lincoln den de Union during de Civil War.[1][2][3][4] Ebe developed by Nikole Hannah-Jones, writers from The New York Times, den The New York Times Magazine. E dey focuse on subjects of slavery den de founding of de United States.[5] De first publication from de project be insyd The New York Times Magazine of August 2019.[6] De project developed an educational curriculum, supported by de Pulitzer Center, later accompanied by a broadsheet article, live events, den a podcast.[7]

De project cam turn a leading subject of de American history wars,[8] wey receive criticism from historians, both from de political left den de right, who question its historical accuracy.[3][9] Insyd a letter published insyd The New York Times insyd December 2019, historians Gordon S. Wood, James M. McPherson, Sean Wilentz, Victoria E. Bynum, den James Oakes applauded "all efforts to address de enduring centrality of slavery and racism to our history" and deemed de project a "praiseworthy and urgent public service," but expressed "strong reservations" about some "important aspects" of de project and requested factual corrections.

De scholars dem talk say no be true dat slavery be de main thing wey start de American Revolution, like de project talk. Insyd response, Jake Silverstein, de editor of The New York Times Magazine, defended De 1619 Project den refuse to issue corrections.[10] On May 4, 2020, de Pulitzer Prize board announce dat e be awarding de 2020 Pulitzer Prize for Commentary to Hannah-Jones for ein introductory essay.[11][12]

Insyd March 2020, insyd light of persistent criticism of de project ein portrayal of de role of slavery, wey include from one of ein own consulting historians, Leslie M. Harris, The New York Times issued a "clarification", modifying one of de passages on slavery ein role dat had sparked controversy.[13][14] Insyd September 2020, controversy again arose when de Times updated de opening text of de project website to remove de phrase "...understanding 1619 as our true founding..." without any accompanying editorial note to point to what be being redone.[a] Critics — wey include de Times' own Bret Stephens — claim de differences show dat de newspaper be backing away from some of de initiative ein controversial claims.[15] De Times defended ein practices, plus Hannah-Jones saying dat most of de project ein content had remained unchanged.[16][17][18]

Insyd 2020, The New York Times premier a dedicated podcast series.[19] Insyd 2021, a book anthology of essays den poetry The 1619 Project: A New Origin Story be published, as well as a children ein picture book The 1619 Project: Born on the Water by Hannah-Jones den Renée Watson. Insyd January 2023, Hulu premier a six-part documentary TV series dey create by Hannah-Jones den The New York Times Magazine.[20] Dis series win an Emmy for Outstanding Documentary or Nonfiction Series at de 75th Creative Arts Emmy Awards.[21][22]

Background

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De 1619 Project be launched insyd August 2019 to commemorate de 400th anniversary of de arrival of de first enslaved Africans insyd de British colony of Virginia.[23][24] Insyd 1619, a group of "twenty and odd" captive Africans arrive insyd de Virginia Colony. An English privateer dey operate under a Dutch letter of marque, White Lion, carried 20–30 Africans who had been captured insyd joint African-Portuguese raids[25] against de Kingdom of Ndongo insyd modern-day Angola, making ein landing at Point Comfort insyd de English colony of Virginia.[23][26]

Although de project places dis moment insyd de context of slavery in the colonial history of de United States, some critics have taken issue.[27] De first enslaved Africans dey bring to North America insyd 1526,[28] den European enslavement of Native Americans has been documented as far back as Columbus insyd 1493–94.

Project

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De project dedicate an issue of de magazine to a re-examination of de legacy of slavery insyd America, at de anniversary of de 1619 arrival of de first enslaved people to Virginia. Dis framing challenges de idea dat American history dey begin de signing of de Declaration of Independence insyd 1776, which create de United States, or plus de arrival of de Pilgrims insyd 1620.[29]

De project quickly grow into a larger endeavor,[26] wey dey encompass multiple issues of de magazine, plus related materials insyd oda Times publications, as well as a school curriculum developed insyd collaboration plus de Pulitzer Center.[26] Plus support from de Smithsonia, de project recruited a panel of historians to research, develop, den fact-check content.[30] De project be envisioned plus de condition dat almost all of de content would be from African-American contributors, deeming de perspective of Black writers an essential element of de story to be told.[31]

August 18, 2019, magazine issue

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De first edition appeared insyd a 100-page issue of The New York Times Magazine on August 18, 2019. E dey include ten written essays, a photo essay, den a collection of poems den fiction,[32] plus an introduction by editor-in-chief Jake Silverstein,[24][33] as follows:

  • "Our Democracy ein Founding Ideals Were False When They Were Written. Black Americans Have Fought to Make Them True", essay by Nikole Hannah-Jones
  • "American Capitalism Is Brutal. You Can Trace dat to de Plantation", essay by Matthew Desmond
  • "How False Beliefs insyd Physical Racial Difference Still Live insyd Medicine Today", essay by Linda Villarosa
  • "What de Reactionary Politics of 2019 Owe to de Politics of Slavery", essay by Jamelle Bouie
  • "Why Is Everyone Always Stealing Black Music?", essay by Wesley Morris
  • "How Segregation Caused Your Traffic Jam", essay by Kevin M. Kruse
  • "Why Doesn't America Have Universal Healthcare? One Word: Race", essay by Jeneen Interlandi
  • "Why American Prisons Owe Their Cruelty to Slavery", essay by Bryan Stevenson
  • "De Barbaric History of Sugar insyd America", essay by Khalil Gibran Muhammad
  • "How America's Vast Racial Wealth Gap Grew: By Plunder", essay by Trymaine Lee
  • "Their Ancestors Were Enslaved by Law. Now They're Lawyers", photo essay by Djeneba Aduayom, plus text from Nikole Hannah-Jones den Wadzanai Mhute
  • "A New Literary Timeline of African-American History", a collection of original poems den stories
    • Clint Smith on de Middle Passage
    • Yusef Komunyakaa on Crispus Attucks
    • Eve L. Ewing on Phillis Wheatley
    • Reginald Dwayne Betts on de Fugitive Slave Act of 1793
    • Barry Jenkins on Gabriel ein Rebellion
    • Jesmyn Ward on de Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves
    • Tyehimba Jess on Black Seminoles
    • Darryl Pinckney on de Emancipation Proclamation
    • ZZ Packer on de New Orleans massacre of 1866
    • Yaa Gyasi on de Tuskegee syphilis experiment
    • Jacqueline Woodson on Sgt. Isaac Woodard
    • Joshua Bennett on de Black Panther Party
    • Lynn Nottage on de birth of hip-hop
    • Kiese Laymon on de Rev. Jesse Jackson ein "rainbow coalition" speech
    • Clint Smith on de Superdome after Hurricane Katrina

Accompanying material den activities

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De magazine issue be accompanied by a special section insyd de Sunday newspaper, insyd partnership plus de Smithsonian, examining de beginnings of de transatlantic slave trade, written by Mary Elliott den Jazmine Hughes. Beginning on August 20, a multi-episode audio series titled "1619" begin,[34] published by The Daily, de morning news podcast of de Times.[26] De Sunday sports section had an essay about slavery ein impact on professional sports insyd de United States: "Is Slavery ein Legacy in the Power Dynamics of Sports?"[26][35] De Times plans to take de project to schools, plus de 1619 Project Curriculum developed insyd collaboration plus de Pulitzer Center. Hundreds of thousands of extra copies of de magazine issue were printed for distribution to schools, museums den libraries.[23]

De Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting dey make available free online lesson plans, dey collect further lesson plans from teachers, den help arrange for speakers to visit classes.[36] De Center dey consider most of de lessons usable by all grades from elementary school thru college.[37]

Insyd November 2021, Random House ein One World imprint published de anthology The 1619 Project: A New Origin Story. E be a book-length expansion of de project ein essays. De book be created by Nikole Hannah-Jones den The New York Times Magazine, den be edited by Hannah-Jones, Caitlin Roper, Ilena Silverman den Jake Silverstein.[38][39] Six of de essays from de anthology dey adapt into a six-episode miniseries, "The 1619 Project", wich dem premier on January 26, 2023, on Hulu.[40][41]

Reception

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Historical accuracy

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Insyd an essay for The New York Review of Books, historian Sean Wilentz accused de project of cynicism for ein portrayal of de American Revolution, de Civil War den Abraham Lincoln, who Wilentz write be "rendered as a white supremacist".[4] Insyd a December 2019 letter dem publish insyd The New York Times, Wilentz, along plus fellow historians Gordon S. Wood, James M. McPherson, Victoria Bynum, den James Oakes expressed "strong reservations" about de project den requested factual corrections, accusing de authors of a "displacement of historical understanding by ideology". De letter disputed de claim, made insyd Hannah-Jones ein introductory essay, dat "one of de primary reasons de colonists dey decide to declare their independence from Britain be because they wanted to protect de institution of slavery". De Times published the letter along plus a rebuttal from de magazine ein editor-in-chief, Jake Silverstein,[10][42] who defended de accuracy of de 1619 Project den declined to issue corrections. Wood responded insyd a letter, "I don't know of any colonist who said dat they wanted independence insyd order to preserve their slaves ... No colonist expressed alarm dat de mother country be out to abolish slavery insyd 1776."[43][44] Insyd an article insyd The Atlantic, Wilentz responded to Silverstein, writing, "No effort to educate de public insyd order to advance social justice can afford to dispense plus a respect for basic facts", den disputing de accuracy of Silverstein ein defense of de project.[1]

Sanso insyd December 2019, twelve scholars den political scientists specializing insyd de American Civil War dey send a letter to de Times saying dat "The 1619 Project offers a historically-limited view of slavery." While agreeing to de importance of examining American slavery, they objected to what they described as de portrayal of slavery as a uniquely American phenomenon, to construing slavery as a capitalist venture, den to presenting out-of-context quotes of a conversation between Abraham Lincoln den "five esteemed free black men". De following month, Silverstein dey issue a response stating dat no corrections be necessary.[2]

Insyd January 2020, historian Susan Parker, wey specialize insyd de studies of Colonial United States at Flagler College, noted dat slavery existed before any of de Thirteen Colonies. She write insyd an editorial insyd The St. Augustine Record dat "De settlement known as San Miguel de Gualdape lasted for about six weeks from late September 1526 to de middle of November. Historian Paul Hoffman dey write that de slaves at San Miguel rebelled and set fire to some homes of the Spaniards."[45] Writing insyd USA Today, several historians—among them Parker, archaeologist Kathleen A. Deagan sanso of Flagler, den civil rights activist den historian David Nolan—all agreed dat slavery be present decades before de year 1619. According to Deagan, people have "spend their careers trying to correct de erroneous belief" insyd such a narrative, plus Nolan claiming dat insyd ignoring de earlier settlement, de authors be "robbing black history".[46]

Insyd March 2020, historian Leslie M. Harris, who had been consulted for de project, write insyd Politico dat she dey warn dat de idea dat de American Revolution was fought to protect slavery was inaccurate, den dat de Times made avoidable mistakes, but dat de project be "a much-needed corrective to de blindly celebratory histories".[47] Hannah-Jones has sana say dat she stands by de claim dat slavery help fuel de revolution, though she concede she might have phrased it too strongly insyd ein essay, insyd a way dat could give readers de impression dat de support for slavery be universal.[42][47] On March 11, 2020, Silverstein authored an "update" insyd de form of a "clarification" on de Times' website, correcting Hannah-Jones's essay to state dat "protecting slavery was a primary motivation for some of de colonists".[48] Dis "clarification" be reportedly prompted by a private warning to Silverstein by Harvard classicist den political scientist Danielle Allen dat she might go public plus criticism if de passage on de revolution be not corrected.[16]

Insyd December 2023, historian James Oakes dey write a detailed essay published insyd Jacobin dat criticized de historical accuracy of de project insyd multiple areas, stating dat it "has botched de history of de slave economy, misconstrued de origins of Northern economic development, erase de history of antislavery, den render emancipation irrelevant".[49]

Response

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Insyd September 2020, Nikole Hannah-Jones dey criticize conservatives for their depiction of de project because it "does not argue dat 1619 be our true founding".[16] Atlantic writer Conor Friedersdorf dey respond on Twitter by citing statements from Hannah-Jones dat na 1619 be de nation ein true founding.[16] Critics cite by The Washington Post, such as Quillette magazine, dey argue dat dis showed dat de Times was quietly revising ein position without acknowledgement of de original mischaracterization.[16] De conservative National Association of Scholars publish a letter asking for de revocation of de project ein Pulitzer Prize.[16][50]

Insyd an opinion column insyd de New York Times, Bret Stephens say dat Hannah-Jones say de argument about dating de founding to 1619 be self-evidently metaphorical, but say "these were not minor points. De deleted assertions dey go to de core of de project ein most controversial goal, 'to reframe American history by considering what e dey mean to regard 1619 as our nation ein birth year'", den argue, "De question of journalistic practices, however, raises deeper doubts about de 1619 Project ein core premises."[51] Dis column led to tension insyd de Times, den prompted statements by Times executive editor Dean Baquet, publisher A. G. Sulzberger den New York Times Magazine editor Jake Silverstein insyd support of de 1619 Project.[16][18][52][53] Responding to criticism, Hannah-Jones dey write on Twitter, "Those who've wanted to act as if tweets/discussions about de project hold more weight than de actual words of de project cannot be taken insyd good faith", den dat "Those who point to edits of digital blurbs but ignore de unchanged text of de actual project cannot be taken insyd good faith."[16]

Motivations for de American Revolution

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Significant controversy dey center on de project ein claim dat "one of de primary reasons de colonists decide to declare their independence from Britain be because they want to protect de institution of slavery". According to Princeton University professor Sean Wilentz, de claim dat there be a "perceptible British threat to American slavery insyd 1776" be an ahistorical assertion, noting dat de British abolitionist movement be practically non-existent insyd 1776.[54] Wilentz sanso criticize de project ein mentioning de Somerset v Stewart case to support ein argument, since dat legal decision concern slavery insyd England, plus no effect insyd de American colonies.[54] Wilentz write dat de project ein claims dat "if de Revolution had caused de ending of de slave trade, dis will have upended de economy of de colonies, insyd both de North den de South" do not consider de numerous attempts to outlaw—or impose prohibitive duties on—de slave trade by several colonies from 1769 to 1774.[54] De historians critical of De project say dat many of America ein Founding Fathers, such as John Adams, James Otis, den Thomas Paine, opposed slavery. They sanso say dat every state north of Maryland took steps to abolish slavery after de revolution.[42]

Insyd defense of de project, Silverstein say dat de Somerset case caused a "sensation" insyd American reports. But Wilentz counter dat de decision dey report by only six newspapers insyd de southern colonies, den de tone of de coverage be indifferent.[54] Sanso at issue be de significance of Dunmore ein Proclamation as cited by Silverstein,[10] plus Wilentz dey assert dat de event be a response to rebellion rather than a cause; he sanso question de reliance on a quotation by Edward Rutledge as interpreted by Jill Lepore.[1] Harris dey sanso point to Dunmore's Proclamation as a spur to de disruption of slavery by de revolutionary side as well.[47]

Journalistic reactions

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De 1619 Project receive positive reviews by Alexandria Neason insyd de Columbia Journalism Review[26] den by Ellen McGirt insyd Fortune magazine, which declare de project "wide-reaching den collaborative, unflinching, den insightful" den a "dramatic den necessary corrective to de fundamental lie of de American origin story."[33]

Andrew Sullivan critique de project as an important perspective dat needed to be heard but dat was presented insyd a biased way under de guise of objectivity.[55] Writing insyd The Washington Post, George Will call de project "malicious" den "historically illiterate."[56] Writing insyd The Week, Damon Linker found de 1619 Project ein treatment of history "sensationalistic, reductionistic, den tendentious."[57] Timothy Sandefur deemed de project ein goal as worthy, but observed dat de articles persistently went wrong trying to connect everything plus slavery.[58] Insyd National Review, Phillip W. Magness write dat de project provides a distorted economic history borrowed from "bad scholarship" of de New History of Capitalism (NHC),[59] den Rich Lowry write dat Hannah-Jones ein lead essay leaves out unwelcome facts about slavery, such dat ' e be Africans who captured oda Africans, den marched them to de coast to be sold to European slavers', smears de Revolution, distorts de Constitution, misrepresents de founding era and Lincoln.[60] Victor Davis Hanson say dat de 1619 Project reveals dat The New York Times "does not care about de truth" den instead "hires den promotes ein reporters den editors on woke - race den gender - criteria rather than proven reporting excellence."[56]

Insyd de May 2022 issue of de libertarian magazine Reason, reporter Phillip W. Magness criticize de 1619 Project as "junk history." Magness contrasted de present work of Hannah-Jones plus past work at historical understanding of slavery by prominent African-Americans such as Zora Neale Hurston. Magness stated:

Hurston did not aim to bury an ugly past but to search for historical understanding. Her 1927 interview with Cudjoe Lewis, among the last living survivors of the 1860 voyage of the slave ship Clotilda, contains an invaluable eyewitness account of the middle passage as told by one of its victims. Yet Hurston saw only absurdity in trying to find justice by bludgeoning the past for its sins. "While I have a handkerchief over my eyes crying over the landing of the first slaves in 1619," she continued, "I might miss something swell that is going on in" the present day.[61]

Political reactions

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De project receive varied reactions from political figures. Then-Democratic Senator Kamala Harris praised it insyd a tweet, stating "De #1619Project be a powerful den necessary reckoning of our history. We cannot understand den address de problems of today without speaking truth about how we got here."[31]

  High-profile conservatives criticize it. Former House Speaker Newt Gingrich called it "brainwashing" den "propaganda,"[31] later writing an opinion piece characterizing it as "left-wing propaganda masquerading as 'de truth.[62] Republican Senator Ted Cruz sana dey equate it plus propaganda.[34] President Donald Trump, insyd an interview on Fox News plus Chris Wallace, dey say,

I just look at—I look at school. I watch, I read, look at de stuff. Now they want to change—1492, Columbus discovered America. You know, we grew up, you grew up, we all did, that ein what we learned. Now they want to make it de 1619 project. Where did dat come from? What does it represent? I don't even know.

Insyd July 2020, Republican Senator Tom Cotton of Arkansas proposed de "Saving American History Act of 2020", prohibiting K-12 schools from using federal funds to teach curriculum related to de 1619 Project, den make schools dat did ineligible for federal professional-development grants. Cotton added dat "The 1619 Project be a racially divisive den revisionist account of history dat threatens de integrity of de Union by denying de true principles on which it be founded."[63] On September 6, 2020, Trump dey respond on Twitter to a claim dat de State of California dey add de 1619 Project to de state ein public school curriculum. Trump stated dat de Department of Education dey investigate de matter den, if de aforementioned claim be found true, federal funding would be withheld from California public schools..[64][65] On September 17, Trump announced de 1776 Commission to develop a "patriotic" curriculum.[66][67]

Insyd October 2020, de National Association of Scholars, a conservative advocacy group, published an open letter plus 21 signatories calling on de Pulitzer Prize Board to rescind Hannah-Jones ein prize because of de project ein claim dat "protecting de institution of slavery be a primary motive for de American Revolution, a claim for which there be simply no evidence."[16][50]

Insyd November 2020, Trump established de 1776 Commission by executive order, organizing 18 conservative leaders to generate an opposing response to de 1619 Project.[68] De 1776 Report, release on January 18, 2021, be widely criticized for factual errors, incomplete or missing citations, den lack of academic rigor.[69] De commission be terminated by President Joe Biden on January 20, 2021.[70]

On April 30, 2021, U.S. Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell send a letter to Secretary of Education Miguel Cardona dey protest de Department of Education ein proposal to modify federal grants to states den local schools to "incentivize them to use tools like Te 1619 Project insyd their classrooms" demanding dat de proposal be abandoned.[71] McConnell ein letter charged dat de programs were being modified "away from their intended purposes toward a politicized den divisive agenda" den say dat "Actual, trained, credentialed historians plus diverse political views dey debunk de project ein many factual den historical errors."

De World Socialist Web Site dey criticize de New York Times "falsification of history", saying dat it wrongly centers on racial rather dan class conflict.[43][72]

Awards

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Project creator Nikole Hannah-Jones be awarded de 2020 Pulitzer Prize for Commentary for ein essay.[11][12] De award cited ein "sweeping, provocative den personal essay for de ground-breaking 1619 Project, which seek to place de enslavement of Africans at de center of America ein story, prompting public conversation about de nation ein founding den evolution."[73]

Insyd October 2020, New York University's Arthur L. Carter Journalism Institute named de 1619 Project one of de ten greatest works of journalism insyd de 2010–2019 decade.[74]

Bans

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Donald Trump, insyd de final months of ein first term as president of de United States, dey vow to ban de 1619 Project from state curricula, accusing educators of teaching their students to "hate their own country."[75] Echoing Trump ein proposal, Republican lawmakers sana sought to ban de project from state curricula;[75][76] bills were introduced by US Senator Tom Cotton at de federal level, by State Representative Mark Lowery insyd Arkansas, by State Representative Skyler Wheeler insyd Iowa, den by Senator Angela Burks Hill insyd Mississippi.[75] By de end of de summer of 2021, 27 states had introduced bills echoing de language den intent of Cotton ein bill.[77]

Under Ron DeSantis, de 1619 Project be banned from being taught insyd Florida public schools, first by a 2021 Florida State Board of Education amendment banning critical race theory[78] den again insyd 2022 by de Stop WOKE Act.[79][80]

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Wilentz, Sean (January 22, 2020). "A Matter of Facts". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on May 30, 2020. Retrieved August 1, 2020.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Twelve Scholars Critique the 1619 Project and the New York Times Magazine Editor Responds". History News Network. January 26, 2020. Archived from the original on August 4, 2020. Retrieved August 16, 2020.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Friedersdorf, Conor (January 6, 2020). "1776 Honors America's Diversity in a Way 1619 Does Not". The Atlantic (in American English). Archived from the original on July 16, 2020. Retrieved July 27, 2020.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Wilentz, Sean (November 19, 2019). "American Slavery and 'the Relentless Unforeseen'". The New York Review of Books. Archived from the original on August 14, 2020. Retrieved August 24, 2020.
  5. ↑ "The 1619 Project". The New York Times (in American English). August 14, 2019. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 17, 2019. Retrieved September 7, 2020.
  6. ↑ Silverstein, Jake (December 20, 2019). "Why We Published The 1619 Project". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 31, 2020. Retrieved January 31, 2020.
  7. ↑ "In '1619' Project, the Times Puts Slavery Front and Center of the American Experience". WNYC. August 16, 2019. Archived from the original on August 17, 2019. Retrieved August 16, 2019.
  8. ↑ Blight, David W. (June 9, 2021). "The Fog of History Wars". The New Yorker (in American English). ISSN 0028-792X. Retrieved April 21, 2024.
  9. ↑ Serwer, Adam (December 23, 2019). "The Fight Over the 1619 Project Is Not About the Facts". The Atlantic (in American English). Archived from the original on December 24, 2019. Retrieved July 27, 2020.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Silverstein, Jake (December 20, 2019). "We Respond to the Historians Who Critiqued The 1619 Project". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 15, 2020. Retrieved January 17, 2020.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Barrus, Jeff (May 4, 2020). "Nikole Hannah-Jones Wins Pulitzer Prize for 1619 Project". Pulitzer Center. Archived from the original on May 6, 2020. Retrieved May 4, 2020.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "Commentary". The Pulitzer Prizes. Columbia University. Archived from the original on May 4, 2020. Retrieved May 4, 2020.
  13. ↑ "An Update to The 1619 Project". The New York Times. March 11, 2020. Archived from the original on March 12, 2020. Retrieved December 30, 2020.
  14. ↑ Butcher, Jonathan (March 16, 2020). "The New York Times Begins Correcting the Historical Record on "1619 Project"". The Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on December 21, 2020. Retrieved December 30, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  15. ↑ Pompeo, Joe (October 14, 2020). ""This Isn't Jayson Blair": With 1619 and Caliphate Controversies, the New York Times Turns on Itself". Vanity Fair. Archived from the original on October 25, 2020. Retrieved October 17, 2020.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6 16.7 16.8 Ellison, Sarah (October 13, 2020). "How the 1619 Project took over 2020". Washington Post. Archived from the original on February 1, 2021. Retrieved October 15, 2020.
  17. ↑ Stelter, Brian; Darcy, Oliver (October 12, 2020). "1619 Project faces renewed criticism — this time from within The New York Times". CNN. Archived from the original on October 14, 2020. Retrieved October 14, 2020.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Silverstein, Jake (October 16, 2020). "On Recent Criticism of The 1619 Project". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 18, 2020. Retrieved October 17, 2020.
  19. ↑ "Listen to '1619,' a Podcast From The New York Times". The New York Times (in American English). January 23, 2020. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 28, 2023.
  20. ↑ Silverstein, Jake (January 26, 2023). "A New Expansion of The 1619 Project". The New York Times (in American English). ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 28, 2023.
  21. ↑ Jensen, Grace (January 10, 2024). "The 1619 Project Docuseries Wins an Emmy". Pulitzer Center (in American English). Retrieved March 23, 2024.
  22. ↑ "The 1619 Project". Television Academy (in English). Retrieved 2025-05-31.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 Gyarkye, Lovia (August 18, 2019). "How the 1619 Project Came Together". The New York Times (in American English). ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 19, 2019. Retrieved August 19, 2019.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 "The 1619 Project". The New York Times Magazine. August 14, 2019. Archived from the original on December 26, 2019. Retrieved August 17, 2019.
  25. ↑ Painter, Nell Irvin (2006). Creating Black Americans: African-American history and its meanings, 1619 to the present. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. pp. 23–24. ISBN 0-19-513755-8. OCLC 57722517.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 26.4 26.5 Neason, Alexandria (August 15, 2019). "The 1619 Project and the stories we tell about slavery". Columbia Journalism Review. New York City: Columbia University Press. Archived from the original on August 16, 2019. Retrieved August 17, 2019.
  27. ↑ "1619: 400 years ago, a ship arrived in Virginia, bearing human cargo". USA Today. February 8, 2019.
  28. ↑ Torres-Spelliscy, Ciara (August 23, 2019). "Perspective - Everyone is talking about 1619. But that's not actually when slavery in America started". The Washington Post (in English). Archived from the original on December 7, 2019. Retrieved December 6, 2019.
  29. ↑ Joshua, Zeitz (November 25, 2020). "How America Outgrew the Pilgrims". Politico. The New York Times' 1619 Project excited tremendous controversy because it challenged established narratives that date the founding of America's political development and character to 1620 or 1776.
  30. ↑ Tharoor, Ishaan (August 20, 2019). "The 1619 Project and the far-right fear of history". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on August 21, 2019. Retrieved August 21, 2019.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 Charles, J. Brian (August 19, 2019). "Why conservatives are bothered by the New York Times' project on slavery". Vox. Archived from the original on August 20, 2019. Retrieved August 21, 2019.
  32. ↑ Geraghty, Jim (August 20, 2019). "What The 1619 Project Leaves Out". National Review (in American English). Archived from the original on August 20, 2019. Retrieved August 21, 2019.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 McGirt, Ellen (August 14, 2019). "The New York Times Launches the 1619 Project: raceAhead". Fortune. Archived from the original on August 17, 2019. Retrieved August 17, 2019.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Asmelash, Leah (August 19, 2019). "The New York Times Magazine's 1619 Project takes a hard look at the American paradox of freedom and slavery". CNN. Archived from the original on August 21, 2019. Retrieved August 21, 2019.
  35. ↑ Streeter, Kurt (July 18, 2019). "Is Slavery's Legacy in the Power Dynamics of Sports?". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 1, 2021. Retrieved August 23, 2019.
  36. ↑ "The 1619 Project Curriculum". Pulitzer Center (in English). Archived from the original on May 6, 2020. Retrieved May 4, 2020.
  37. ↑ "Pulitzer Center Lesson Builder". Pulitzer Center (in English). Archived from the original on December 12, 2019. Retrieved May 4, 2020.
  38. ↑ Hannah-Jones, Nikole (November 16, 2021). The 1619 Project. New York City: Penguin Random House. ISBN 9780593230572. Retrieved November 24, 2021.
  39. ↑ "The 1619 Project: A New Origin Story edited by Nikole Hannah-Jones & Caitlin Roper & Elena Silverman & Jake Silverstein". Kirkus Reviews. August 18, 2021. Retrieved November 24, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  40. ↑ "The 1619 Project". Hulu (in English). Retrieved January 26, 2023.
  41. ↑ Silverstein, Jake (January 26, 2023). "A New Expansion of The 1619 Project". The New York Times (in American English). ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 26, 2023.
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 Serwer, Adam (December 23, 2019). "The Fight Over the 1619 Project Is Not About the Facts". The Atlantic (in American English). Archived from the original on December 24, 2019. Retrieved July 27, 2020.
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 Friedersdorf, Conor (January 6, 2020). "1776 Honors America's Diversity in a Way 1619 Does Not". The Atlantic (in American English). Archived from the original on July 16, 2020. Retrieved July 27, 2020.
  44. ↑ "Historian Gordon Wood responds to the New York Times' defense of the 1619 Project". World Socialist Web Site. December 24, 2019. Archived from the original on August 19, 2020. Retrieved August 1, 2020.
  45. ↑ Parker, Susan. "'1619 Project' ignores fact that slaves were present in Florida decades before". Archived from the original on December 26, 2019. Retrieved December 6, 2019.
  46. ↑ Ellis, Nicquel Terry (January 1, 2020). "Forget What You Know about 1619, Historians Say. Slavery Began a Half-Century before Jamestown". USA Today. Archived from the original on February 1, 2021. Retrieved October 15, 2020.
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 47.2 Harris, Leslie M. (March 3, 2020). "I Helped Fact-Check the 1619 Project. The Times Ignored Me". Politico. Archived from the original on June 7, 2020. Retrieved June 9, 2020.
  48. ↑ Silverstein, Jake (March 11, 2020). "An Update to The 1619 Project". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 12, 2020. Retrieved March 12, 2020.
  49. ↑ Oakes, James (December 27, 2023). "How the 1619 Project Distorted History". Jacobin. Retrieved December 27, 2023.
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 Wood, Peter (October 6, 2020). "Pulitzer Board Must Revoke Nikole Hannah-Jones' Prize". www.nas.org (in English). Archived from the original on October 15, 2020. Retrieved October 15, 2020.
  51. ↑ Stephens, Bret (October 9, 2020). "The 1619 Chronicles". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 1, 2021. Retrieved October 14, 2020.
  52. ↑ Stelter, Brian; Darcy, Oliver (October 12, 2020). "1619 Project faces renewed criticism — this time from within The New York Times". CNN. Archived from the original on October 14, 2020. Retrieved October 14, 2020.
  53. ↑ Baquet, Dean (October 13, 2020). "A Note From Dean Baquet on The 1619 Project". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 20, 2020. Retrieved October 20, 2020.
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 54.2 54.3 Wilentz, Sean (January 22, 2020). "A Matter of Facts". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on May 30, 2020. Retrieved January 14, 2021.
  55. ↑ Sullivan, Andrew (September 13, 2019). "The New York Times Has Abandoned Liberalism for Activism". New York Magazine. Archived from the original on October 1, 2019. Retrieved October 2, 2019.
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 Koberg, Kelsey (March 23, 2022). "The New York Times' journey from paper of record to home of the 1619 Project". Fox News (in American English). Retrieved March 27, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  57. ↑ "The New York Times surrenders to the left on race". The Week (in English). August 20, 2019. Archived from the original on July 13, 2020. Retrieved July 27, 2020.
  58. ↑ Sandefur, Timothy (August 21, 2019). "The Founders Were Flawed. The Nation Is Imperfect. The Constitution Is Still a 'Glorious Liberty Document.'". Reason (in American English). Archived from the original on March 14, 2020. Retrieved July 27, 2020.
  59. ↑ Magness, Phillip W. (August 26, 2019). "How the 1619 Project Rehabilitates the 'King Cotton' Thesis". National Review (in American English). Archived from the original on June 23, 2020. Retrieved July 27, 2020.
  60. ↑ Lowry, Rich (October 7, 2019). "The Flagrant Distortions and Subtle Lies of the '1619 Project'". National Review (in American English). Archived from the original on July 13, 2020. Retrieved July 27, 2020.
  61. ↑ Magness, Phillip W. (March 29, 2022). "The 1619 Project Unrepentantly Pushes Junk History". Reason. Retrieved 30 March 2022.
  62. ↑ Gingrich, Newt (September 27, 2019). "Did Slavery Really Define America for All Time?". Newsweek. Archived from the original on July 25, 2020. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
  63. ↑ "Cotton Bill to Defund 1619 Project Curriculum". Tom Cotton: Arkansas Senator (in English). July 23, 2020. Archived from the original on August 10, 2020. Retrieved August 16, 2020.
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  65. ↑ Blitzer, Ronn (September 6, 2020). "Trump warns schools teaching 1619 Project 'will not be funded'". Fox News. Archived from the original on February 1, 2021. Retrieved October 21, 2020.
  66. ↑ Mason, Jeff (September 17, 2020). "Trump plans panel to promote 'patriotic education' in appeal to conservative base". Reuters. Archived from the original on October 26, 2020. Retrieved October 21, 2020.
  67. ↑ "Trump order seeks to ban military, government contractors from some diversity training". Reuters. September 23, 2020. Archived from the original on October 25, 2020. Retrieved October 21, 2020.
  68. ↑ "Executive Order on Establishing the President's Advisory 1776 Commission | The White House". whitehouse.gov. January 1, 2021. Retrieved January 20, 2021 – via National Archives.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  69. ↑ Johnson, Martin (January 19, 2021). "Trump's '1776 Report' released on MLK Day receives heavy backlash". The Hill (in English). Archived from the original on January 20, 2021. Retrieved January 20, 2021.
  70. ↑ Shear, Michael D. (January 20, 2021). "On Day 1, Biden Moves to Undo Trump's Legacy". The New York Times (in American English). ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 20, 2021. Retrieved January 20, 2021.
  71. ↑ Nobles, Ryan (April 30, 2021). "McConnell sends letter to Education secretary demanding removal of the 1619 Project from federal grant programs". CNN. Retrieved April 30, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  72. ↑ Niemuth, Niles; Mackaman, Tom; North, David (September 6, 2019). "The New York Times's 1619 Project: A racialist falsification of American and world history". World Socialist Web Site. Archived from the original on July 30, 2020. Retrieved August 1, 2020.
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  76. ↑ Gabriel, Trip; Goldstein, Dana (June 1, 2021). "Disputing Racism's Reach, Republicans Rattle American Schools". The New York Times (in American English). ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 26, 2023.
  77. ↑ Silverstein, Jake (November 9, 2021). "The 1619 Project and the Long Battle Over U.S. History". The New York Times (in American English). ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 26, 2023.
  78. ↑ Asmelash, Leah (June 10, 2021). "Florida bans teaching critical race theory in schools". CNN. Retrieved May 12, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  79. ↑ Luse, Brittany (February 24, 2023). "It's Been a Minute: Fear, Florida, and The 1619 Project". NPR.
  80. ↑ "Governor DeSantis Announces Legislative Proposal to Stop W.O.K.E. Activism and Critical Race Theory in Schools and Corporations" (in American English). Retrieved April 26, 2023.

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