Tinnitus
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| Subclass of | hearing disorder, ear symptom  |
|---|---|
| Part of | audiology |
| Studied by | audiology |
| Health specialty | otolaryngology, audiology, neurology |
| Characteristic of | Hypertension, deafness |
| ICPC 2 ID | H03 |
| NCI Thesaurus ID | C50772 |
Tinnitus be a condition wen a person dey hear a ringing sound anaa a different variety of sounds wen no corresponding external sound be present den dat oda people no dey hear.[1] De word tinnitus dey cam from de Latin tinnire, "to ring".[2]
Tinnitus usually be associated plus hearing loss den decreased comprehension of speech insyd noisy environments.[3] E be common, wey dey affect about 10–15% of people. Chaw dey tolerate am well, wey e be a significant (severe) problem insyd 1–2% of people per.[4][5]
Rather dan a disease, tinnitus be a symptom wey fi result from a variety of underlying causes den fi be generated at any level of de auditory system as well as outsyd dat system. De most common causes be hearing damage, noise-induced hearing loss, anaa age-related hearing loss, dem know as presbycusis.[3] Oda causes dey include ear infections, disease of de heart anaa blood vessels, Ménière's disease, brain tumors, acoustic neuromas (tumors on de auditory nerves of de ear), migraines, temporomandibular joint disorders, exposure to certain medications, a previous head injury, den earwax. Insyd sam people, e dey interfere plus concentration, wey fi be associated plus anxiety den depression.[6][7] E fi suddenly emerge anaa increase during a period of emotional stress.[2][3][8][9][10] E fi get a frequent occurrence insyd those plus depression.[2]
De diagnosis of tinnitus usually dey base on a patient ein description of de symptoms dem dey experience.[2] Such a diagnosis commonly be supported by an audiogram, den an otolaryngological den neurological examination.[1][2] How much tinnitus dey interfere plus a person ein life fi be quantified plus questionnaires.[2] If dem find certain problems, medical imaging, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), fi be performed. Oda tests be suitable wen tinnitus dey occur plus de same rhythm as de heartbeat.[2] Rarely, de sound fi be heard by someone oda dan de patient by using a stethoscope, insyd wich case e be known as "objective tinnitus".[2] Occasionally, spontaneous otoacoustic emissions, sounds produce normally by de inner ear, fi result in tinnitus.[11]
Measures to prevent tinnitus dey include avoiding chronic anaa extended exposure to loud noise, den limiting exposure to drugs den substances harmful to de ear (ototoxic).[3][12] If der be an underlying cause, treating dat cause fi lead to improvements.[2] Otherwise, typically, tinnitus management dey involve psychoeducation anaa counseling, such as talk therapy.[4] Sound generators anaa hearing aids fi help.[3] No medication directly dey target tinnitus.
References
[edit | edit source]- 1 2 Levine, Robert A.; Oron, Yahav (2015). "Tinnitus". The Human Auditory System – Fundamental Organization and Clinical Disorders. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Vol. 129. pp. 409–431. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-62630-1.00023-8. ISBN 978-0-444-62630-1. PMID 25726282.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Baguley, David; McFerran, Don; Hall, Deborah (2013-11-09). "Tinnitus". Lancet (London, England). 382 (9904): 1600–1607. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60142-7. ISSN 1474-547X. PMID 23827090.
- 1 2 3 4 5 "Tinnitus". NIH – National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD). 6 March 2017. Archived from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
- 1 2 Langguth, B; Kreuzer, PM; Kleinjung, T; De Ridder, D (September 2013). "Tinnitus: causes and clinical management". The Lancet Neurology. 12 (9): 920–930. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(13)70160-1. PMID 23948178. S2CID 13402806.
- ↑ Jarach, Carlotta M.; Lugo, Alessandra; Scala, Marco; van den Brandt, Piet A.; Cederroth, Christopher R.; Odone, Anna; Garavello, Werner; Schlee, Winfried; Langguth, Berthold; Gallus, Silvano (2022-09-01). "Global Prevalence and Incidence of Tinnitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis". JAMA Neurology. 79 (9): 888–900. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2022.2189. ISSN 2168-6149. PMC 9361184. PMID 35939312.
- ↑ Salazar, James W. (2019). "Depression in Patients with Tinnitus: A Systematic Review". Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 161 (1): 28–35. doi:10.1177/0194599819835178. PMC 7721477. PMID 30909841.
- ↑ Bhatt, Jay M. (2016). "Relationships Between Tinnitus And The Prevalence Of Anxiety And Depression". Laryngoscope. 127 (2): 466–469. doi:10.1002/lary.26107. PMC 5812676. PMID 27301552.
- ↑ Han BI, Lee HW, Kim TY, Lim JS, Shin KS (March 2009). "Tinnitus: characteristics, causes, mechanisms, and treatments". Journal of Clinical Neurology. 5 (1): 11–19. doi:10.3988/jcn.2009.5.1.11. PMC 2686891. PMID 19513328.
About 75% of new cases are related to emotional stress as the trigger factor rather than to precipitants involving cochlear lesions.
- ↑ Esmaili, Aaron A; Renton, John (1 April 2018). "A review of tinnitus". Australian Journal of General Practice. 47 (4): 205–208. doi:10.31128/AJGP-12-17-4420. PMID 29621860.
- ↑ Mazurek B, Haupt H, Olze H, Szczepeck A (2022). "Stress and tinnitus—from bedside to bench and back". Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience. 6 (47): 47. doi:10.3389/fnsys.2012.00047. PMC 3371598. PMID 22701404.
- ↑ Henry, James A.; Dennis, Kyle C.; Schechter, Martin A. (October 2005). "General Review of Tinnitus: Prevalence, Mechanisms, Effects, and Management". Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. 48 (5): 1204–1235. doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2005/084). PMID 16411806.
- ↑ Rizk HG, Lee JA, Liu YF, Endriukaitis L, Isaac JL, Bullington WM (December 2020). "Drug-Induced Ototoxicity: A Comprehensive Review and Reference Guide". Pharmacotherapy. 40 (12): 1265–1275. doi:10.1002/phar.2478. PMID 33080070. S2CID 224828345.
