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Toxoplasmosis

From Wikipedia
toxoplasmosis
infectious disease, class of disease
Subclass ofcoccidiosis, zoonosis, disease Edit
Has causeToxoplasma gondii Edit
Health specialtyinfectious diseases, obstetrics and gynaecology Edit
Medical examinationphysical examination, immunofluorescence microscopy, ELISA, Sabin–Feldman dye test Edit
Disease transmission processfecal–oral route, placental transmission, organ transplantation, blood transfusion, haemocontact transmission of pathogen Edit
Has natural reservoirFelidae Edit
ICD-9-CM130.9, 130, 130.7 Edit
NCI Thesaurus IDC3418 Edit

Toxoplasmosis be a parasitic disease wey Toxoplasma gondii, an apicomplexan dey cause.[1] Infections plus toxoplasmosis be associated plus a variety of neuropsychiatric den behavioral conditions.[2] Occasionally, people fi get a few weeks anaa months of mild, flu-like illness such as muscle aches den tender lymph nodes.[3] Insyd a small number of people, eye problems fi develop.[3] Insyd those plus a weakened immune system, severe symptoms such as seizures den poor coordination fi occur.[3] If a woman cam be infected during pregnancy, a condition dem know as congenital toxoplasmosis fi affect de kiddie.[3]

Toxoplasmosis usually be spread by eating poorly cooked food wey dey contain cysts, by exposure to infected cat feces, anaa from an infected woman to ein baby during pregnancy.[1] Rarely, de disease fi be spread by blood transfusion anaa oda organ transplant.[1] E be thought to no otherwise spread between people,[1] buh broader transmissibility dey remain a matter of scientific debate. Na studies report de presence of T. gondii insyd human semen wey na dem propose sexual transmission as a possible route, though na dis no be established as a primary mode of spread.[4] De parasite be known per to reproduce sexually insyd de cat family.[5] E fi infect chaw types of warm-blooded animals, wey dey include humans.[5] Diagnosis typically be by testing blood for antibodies anaa by testing de amniotic fluid insyd a pregnant patient for de parasite ein DNA.[6]

Prevention be by properly preparing den cooking chow.[7] Dem sanso dey recommend pregnant women make dem no clean cat litter boxes anaa, if dem must, make dem wear gloves den wash dema hands afterwards.[7] Treatment of otherwise healthy people usually no dey hia.[8] During pregnancy, spiramycin anaa pyrimethamine/sulfadiazine den folinic acid fi be used for treatment.[8]

Up to half of de world ein population be infected by T. gondii, buh dem get no symptoms.[9] Insyd de United States, na approximately 11% of people be infected, while insyd sam areas of de world dis be more dan 60%.[1] Approximately na 200,000 cases of congenital toxoplasmosis occur a year.[10] Na Charles Nicolle den Louis Manceaux first describe de organism insyd 1908.[11] Insyd 1941, na dem confirm transmission during pregnancy from a pregnant woman to ein baby.[11] Der be tentative evidence say otherwise asymptomatic infection fi affect people dema behavior.[12]

References

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  1. 1 2 3 4 5 "Parasites – Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma infection) Epidemiology & Risk Factors". March 26, 2015. Archived from the original on 23 August 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
  2. ↑ Milne G, Webster JP, Walker M (December 2020). "Toxoplasma gondii: An Underestimated Threat?". Trends in Parasitology. 36 (12): 959–969. doi:10.1016/j.pt.2020.08.005. PMID 33012669. Accumulating evidence suggests that latent infection of Toxoplasma gondii is associated with a variety of neuropsychiatric and behavioral conditions.
  3. 1 2 3 4 "Parasites – Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma infection) Disease". July 10, 2014. Archived from the original on 22 August 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
  4. ↑ Flegr, Jaroslav (2014). "Toxoplasmosis can be a sexually transmitted infection with serious clinical consequences. Not all routes of infection are created equal". Medical Hypotheses. 83 (3): 286–289. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2014.05.019. PMID 24986706.
  5. 1 2 "Parasites – Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma infection) Biology". March 17, 2015. Archived from the original on 28 August 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
  6. ↑ "Parasites – Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma infection) Diagnosis". January 10, 2013. Archived from the original on 22 August 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
  7. 1 2 "Parasites – Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma infection) Prevention & Control". January 10, 2013. Archived from the original on 22 August 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
  8. 1 2 "Parasites – Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma infection) Resources for Health Professionals". April 14, 2014. Archived from the original on 13 September 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
  9. ↑ Flegr J, Prandota J, Sovičková M, Israili ZH (March 2014). "Toxoplasmosis—a global threat. Correlation of latent toxoplasmosis with specific disease burden in a set of 88 countries". PLOS ONE. 9 (3) e90203. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...990203F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0090203. PMC 3963851. PMID 24662942. Toxoplasmosis is becoming a global health hazard as it infects 30–50% of the world human population.
  10. ↑ Torgerson, Paul R; Mastroiacovo, Pierpaolo (2013). "The global burden of congenital toxoplasmosis: a systematic review". Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 91 (7): 501–508. doi:10.2471/BLT.12.111732. PMC 3699792. PMID 23825877.
  11. 1 2 Ferguson DJ (2009). "Toxoplasma gondii: 1908–2008, homage to Nicolle, Manceaux and Splendore". Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 104 (2): 133–48. doi:10.1590/S0074-02762009000200003. hdl:1807/57623. PMID 19430635.
  12. ↑ Tyebji, S; Seizova, S; Hannan, AJ; Tonkin, CJ (January 2019). "Toxoplasmosis: A pathway to neuropsychiatric disorders". Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 96: 72–92. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.11.012. PMID 30476506. S2CID 53726244.

Bibliography

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