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Tramadol

From Wikipedia
tramadol
type of chemical entity
Subclass oftramadol (not stereospecific) Edit
Get useMedication Edit
Stylized nametraMADol Edit
Stereoisomer oftrans-tramadol, (S,S)-tramadol Edit
Chemical formulaC₁₆H₂₅NO₂ Edit
Canonical SMILESCN(C)CC1CCCCC1(C2=CC(=CC=C2)OC)O Edit
Isomeric SMILESCN(C)C[C@H]1CCCC[C@@]1(C2=CC(=CC=C2)OC)O Edit
Active ingredient inUltram, ConZip, Ryzolt Edit
Medical condition treatedpain Edit
Pregnancy categoryAustralian pregnancy category C, US pregnancy category C Edit
Subject has roleopioid receptor agonist, opioid, narcotic Edit

Tramadol, dem sell under de brand name Tramal among odas,[1][2] be an opioid pain medication den a serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) dem use to treat moderate to severe pain.[1][3] Wen dem take am by mouth insyd an immediate-release formulation, de onset of pain relief usually dey begin within an hour.[3] E sanso be available by injection.[4] E be available in combination plus paracetamol (acetaminophen).

As e be typical of opioids, common side effects dey include constipation, itchiness, den nausea.[3] Serious side effects fi include hallucinations, seizures, increased risk of serotonin syndrome, decreased alertness, den drug addiction.[3] A change insyd dosage fi be recommended insyd those plus kidney anaa liver problems.[3] Dem no dey recommend am insyd those wey be at risk of suicide anaa insyd those wey dey preg.[3][4] While e no be recommended insyd women wey dey breastfeed, those wey take a single dose for no generally stop breastfeeding.[5] Tramadol be converted insyd de liver to O-desmethyltramadol (desmetramadol), an opioid plus a stronger affinity for de μ-opioid receptor.[3][6]

Tramadol be patented insyd 1972 wey na dem launch am under de brand name Tramal insyd 1977 by de West German pharmaceutical company Grünenthal GmbH.[1][7] Insyd de mid-1990s, na dem approve am insyd de United Kingdom den de United States.[1] E be available as a generic medication wey na dem market am under chaw brand names worldwide.[2][3] Insyd 2023, na e be de 36th most commonly prescribed medication insyd de United States, plus more dan 16 million prescriptions.[8][9]

References

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  1. 1 2 3 4 Leppert W (November–December 2009). "Tramadol as an analgesic for mild to moderate cancer pain". Pharmacological Reports. 61 (6): 978–992. doi:10.1016/s1734-1140(09)70159-8. PMID 20081232. S2CID 4731268.
  2. 1 2 "Tramadol". Drugs.com. Archived from the original on 23 July 2018. Retrieved 22 December 2018.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Tramadol Hydrochloride". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2024.
  4. 1 2 British national formulary: BNF 74 (74 ed.). British Medical Association. 2017. pp. 447–448. ISBN 978-0-85711-298-9.
  5. ↑ "Tramadol Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Warnings". Drugs.com. Archived from the original on 13 April 2020. Retrieved 5 September 2016.
  6. ↑ Raffa RB, Buschmann H, Christoph T, Eichenbaum G, Englberger W, Flores CM, Hertrampf T, Kögel B, Schiene K, Straßburger W, Terlinden R, Tzschentke TM (July 2012). "Mechanistic and functional differentiation of tapentadol and tramadol". Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 13 (10): 1437–1449. doi:10.1517/14656566.2012.696097. PMID 22698264. S2CID 24226747.
  7. ↑ Fischer J, Ganellin CR (2006). Analogue-based Drug Discovery. John Wiley & Sons. p. 528. ISBN 978-3-527-60749-5. Archived from the original on 29 August 2021. Retrieved 3 September 2020.
  8. ↑ "Top 300 of 2023". ClinCalc. Archived from the original on 12 August 2025. Retrieved 12 August 2025.
  9. ↑ "Tramadol Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2014 - 2023". ClinCalc. Retrieved 13 August 2025.
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