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Trans-Saharan slave trade

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Trans-Saharan slave trade
slave trade

De trans-Saharan slave trade, dem sanso know as de Arab slave trade,[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] na e be a slave trade insyd na wich slaves be mainly transported across de Sahara. Na dem move chaw from sub-Saharan Africa to North Africa make dem sell dem to Mediterranean den Middle Eastern civilizations; na a small percentage go insyd de oda direction.[9]

Na estimates of de total number of black slaves move from sub-Saharan Africa to de Arab world range from 6 to 10 million, wey de trans-Saharan trade routes convey a significant number of dis total, plus one estimate dey tally around 7.2 million slaves wey dey cross de Sahara from de mid-7th century til de 20th century wen na dem abolish am.[10] Na de Arabs manage den operate de trans-Saharan slave trade,[11] although na Berbers sanso actively involved.[12]

Alongside sub-Saharan Africans, na Turks, Iranians, Europeans den Berbers be among de people wey de Arabs trade, wey dem dey practice de trade thru out de Arab world, primarily insyd Western Asia, North Africa, East Africa, den Europe.[13]

Routes

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According to professor Ibrahima Baba Kaké, na der be four main slavery routes to North Africa, from east to west of Africa, from de Maghreb to de Sudan, from Tripolitania to central Sudan den from Egypt to de Middle East.[14] Caravan trails, dem set up insyd de 9th century, go past de oasis of de Sahara; na travel be difficult den uncomfortable. Since Ancient Rome, na long convoys transport slaves.

References

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  1. ↑ Fluehr-Lobban, Carolyn (1990). "Islamization in Sudan: A Critical Assessment". Middle East Journal. 44 (4): 610–623. ISSN 0026-3141. JSTOR 4328193.
  2. ↑ Johnson, Willard R. (1980). "Africans and Arabs: Collaboration without Co-Operation, Change without Challenge". International Journal. 35 (4): 766–793. doi:10.2307/40201914. ISSN 0020-7020. JSTOR 40201914.
  3. ↑ Stanziani, Alessandro (2018), "Bondage across the Ocean: Indentured Labor in the Indian Ocean", Bondage, Labor and Rights in Eurasia from the Sixteenth to the Early Twentieth Centuries (1 ed.), Berghahn Books, pp. 175–203, doi:10.2307/j.ctt9qcm9z.11, ISBN 978-1-78238-250-8, JSTOR j.ctt9qcm9z.11, retrieved 11 September 2024
  4. ↑ Shepperson, George (2006). "Islam in Central Africa: a historiographical document". The Society of Malawi Journal. 59 (2): 1–5. ISSN 0037-993X. JSTOR 29779209.
  5. ↑ Reilly, Benjamin (2015), "Arabian Agricultural Slavery in the Longue Durée", Slavery, Agriculture, and Malaria in the Arabian Peninsula (1 ed.), Ohio University Press, pp. 123–152, doi:10.2307/j.ctt1rfsnxf.10, JSTOR j.ctt1rfsnxf.10
  6. ↑ Mazrui, Ali A. (1975). "Black Africa and the Arabs". Foreign Affairs. 53 (4): 725–742. doi:10.2307/20039542. ISSN 0015-7120. JSTOR 20039542.
  7. ↑ Hasan, Yusuf Fadl (1977). "SOME ASPECTS OF THE ARAB SLAVE TRADE FROM THE SUDAN 7th — 19th CENTURY". Sudan Notes and Records. 58: 85–106. ISSN 0375-2984. JSTOR 44947358.
  8. ↑ Bean, Frank D.; Brown, Susan K. (2023-03-01). Selected Topics in Migration Studies (in English). Springer Nature. p. 27. ISBN 978-3-031-19631-7. Trans-Saharan slave trade was conducted within the ambits of the trans-Saharan trade, otherwise referred to as the Arab trade. Trans-Saharan trade, conducted across the Sahara Desert, was a web of commercial interactions between the Arab world (North Africa and the Persian Gulf) and sub-Saharan Africa.
  9. ↑ Bradley, Keith R. "Apuleius and the sub-Saharan slave trade". Apuleius and Antonine Rome: Historical Essays. p. 177.
  10. ↑ Clarence-Smith, William Gervase (2006). Islam and the Abolition of Slavery. Oxford University Press. pp. 11–12. ISBN 978-0-19-522151-0. OCLC 1045855145.
  11. ↑ Ayittey, George (2006-09-01). Indigenous African Institutions: 2nd Edition (in English). BRILL. p. 450. ISBN 978-90-474-4003-1. While the Europeans organized the West African slave trade, the Arabs managed the East African and trans-Saharan counterparts.
  12. ↑ Badru, Pade; Sackey, Brigid M. (2013-05-23). Islam in Africa South of the Sahara: Essays in Gender Relations and Political Reform (in English). Scarecrow Press. p. 54. ISBN 978-0-8108-8470-0.
  13. ↑ Akinbode, Ayomide (20 December 2021). "The Forgotten Arab Slave Trade of East Africa". The History Ville. Archived from the original on 6 December 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  14. ↑ Doudou Diène (2001). From Chains to Bonds: The Slave Trade Revisited. Berghahn Books. p. 16. ISBN 978-1571812650. Retrieved 26 May 2015.

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