Jump to content

Type 2 diabetes

From Wikipedia
type 2 diabetes
type of disease
Subclass ofdiabetes Edit
Part ofdiabetes Edit
Dey afflictHomo sapiens Edit
Health specialtyfamily medicine, endocrinology Edit
Symptoms and signspolyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia Edit
Drug or therapy used for treatmentstatin, metformin, ACE inhibitor, healthy diet, physical activity Edit
Possible medical findingspolyuric-polydipsic syndrome Edit
Risk factorsmoking, obesity Edit
ICPC 2 IDT90 Edit

Type 2 diabetes (T2D), dem formerly know as adult-onset diabetes, be a form of diabetes mellitus wey be characterized by high blood sugar, insulin resistance, den relative lack of insulin.[1] Common symptoms dey include increased thirst, frequent urination, fatigue den unexplained weight loss.[2] Oda symptoms dey include increased hunger, having a sensation of pins den needles, den sores (wounds) wey dey heal slowly.[2] Symptoms often dey develop slowly.[1] Long-term complications from high blood sugar dey include heart disease; stroke; diabetic retinopathy, wich fi result in blindness; kidney failure; den poor blood flow insyd de lower limbs, wich fi lead to amputations.[3] A sudden onset of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state fi occur; however, ketoacidosis be uncommon.[4][5]

Type 2 diabetes primarily dey occur as a result of obesity den lack of exercise.[3] Sam people be genetically more at risk dan odas.[1] Type 2 diabetes dey make up about 90% of cases of diabetes, plus de oda 10% secof primarily to type 1 diabetes den gestational diabetes.[3]

Diagnosis of diabetes be by blood tests such as fasting plasma glucose, oral glucose tolerance test, anaa glycated hemoglobin (A1c).[2]

Type 2 diabetes be largely preventable by staying at a normal weight, exercising regularly, den eating a healthy diet (a popular example be a diet high insyd fruits den vegetables den low insyd sugar den saturated fat).[3]

Treatment dey involve exercise den dietary changes.[3] If blood sugar levels no be adequately lowered, de medication metformin be typically recommended.[6][7] Chaw people sanso fi eventually require insulin injections.[8] Insyd those on insulin, routinely checking blood sugar levels (such as thru a continuous glucose monitor) be advised; however, dis no fi be needed insyd those wey no be on insulin therapy.[9] Bariatric surgery often dey improve diabetes insyd those wey be obese.[10][11]

Rates of type 2 diabetes increase markedly since 1960 insyd parallel plus obesity.[12] As of 2015,der be approximately 392 million people dem diagnose plus de disease compared to around 30 million insyd 1985.[13][14] Typically, e dey begin insyd middle anaa older age,[1] although rates of type 2 diabetes dey increase insyd young people.[15][16] Type 2 diabetes be associated plus a ten-year-shorter life expectancy.[17] Diabetes be one of de first diseases dem ever describe, wey dey date back to an Egyptian manuscript from c. 1500 BCE.[18] Type 1 den type 2 diabetes be identified as separate conditions insyd 400–500 CE plus type 1 associated plus youth den type 2 plus being overweight.[19] De importance of insulin insyd de disease be determined insyd de 1920s.[20]

References

[edit | edit source]
  1. 1 2 3 4 "Causes of Diabetes". niddk.nih.gov. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. June 2014. Archived from the original on 2 February 2016. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
  2. 1 2 3 "Diagnosis of Diabetes and Prediabetes". niddk.nih.gov. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. June 2014. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 "Diabetes". World Health Organization. 14 November 2024. Retrieved 2025-03-17.
  4. ↑ Pasquel FJ, Umpierrez GE (November 2014). "Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state: a historic review of the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment". Diabetes Care. 37 (11): 3124–31. doi:10.2337/dc14-0984. PMC 4207202. PMID 25342831.
  5. ↑ Fasanmade OA, Odeniyi IA, Ogbera AO (June 2008). "Diabetic ketoacidosis: diagnosis and management". African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences. 37 (2): 99–105. PMID 18939392.
  6. ↑ Maruthur NM, Tseng E, Hutfless S, Wilson LM, Suarez-Cuervo C, Berger Z, Chu Y, Iyoha E, Segal JB, Bolen S (June 2016). "Diabetes Medications as Monotherapy or Metformin-Based Combination Therapy for Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis". Annals of Internal Medicine. 164 (11): 740–51. doi:10.7326/M15-2650. PMID 27088241. S2CID 32016657.
  7. ↑ Gnesin F, Thuesen AC, Kähler LK, Madsbad S, Hemmingsen B, et al. (Cochrane Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders Group) (June 2020). "Metformin monotherapy for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 6 (6) CD012906. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012906.pub2. PMC 7386876. PMID 32501595.
  8. ↑ Krentz AJ, Bailey CJ (February 2005). "Oral antidiabetic agents: current role in type 2 diabetes mellitus". Drugs. 65 (3): 385–411. doi:10.2165/00003495-200565030-00005. PMID 15669880. S2CID 29670619.
  9. ↑ Malanda UL, Welschen LM, Riphagen II, Dekker JM, Nijpels G, Bot SD (January 2012). "Self-monitoring of blood glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who are not using insulin". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 1 (5) CD005060. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005060.pub3. hdl:1871/48558. PMC 11984800. PMID 22258959. S2CID 205176936.
  10. ↑ Cetinkunar S, Erdem H, Aktimur R, Sozen S (June 2015). "Effect of bariatric surgery on humoral control of metabolic derangements in obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: How it works". World Journal of Clinical Cases. 3 (6): 504–9. doi:10.12998/wjcc.v3.i6.504. PMC 4468896. PMID 26090370.
  11. ↑ Ganguly S, Tan HC, Lee PC, Tham KW (April 2015). "Metabolic bariatric surgery and type 2 diabetes mellitus: an endocrinologist's perspective". Journal of Biomedical Research. 29 (2): 105–11. doi:10.7555/JBR.29.20140127. PMC 4389109. PMID 25859264.
  12. ↑ Moscou S (2013). "Getting the word out: advocacy, social marketing, and policy development and enforcement". In Truglio-Londrigan M, Lewenson SB (eds.). Public health nursing: practicing population-based care (2nd ed.). Burlington, Massachusetts: Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 317. ISBN 978-1-4496-4660-8. OCLC 758391750.
  13. ↑ Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, et al. (GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators) (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–1602. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. PMC 5055577. PMID 27733282.
  14. ↑ Smyth S, Heron A (January 2006). "Diabetes and obesity: the twin epidemics". Nature Medicine. 12 (1): 75–80. doi:10.1038/nm0106-75. PMID 16397575. S2CID 1042625.
  15. ↑ Tfayli H, Arslanian S (March 2009). "Pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus in youth: the evolving chameleon". Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia e Metabologia. 53 (2): 165–74. doi:10.1590/s0004-27302009000200008. PMC 2846552. PMID 19466209.
  16. ↑ Imperatore G, Boyle JP, Thompson TJ, Case D, Dabelea D, Hamman RF, Lawrence JM, Liese AD, Liu LL, Mayer-Davis EJ, Rodriguez BL, Standiford D (December 2012). "Projections of type 1 and type 2 diabetes burden in the U.S. population aged <20 years through 2050: dynamic modeling of incidence, mortality, and population growth". Diabetes Care. 35 (12): 2515–20. doi:10.2337/dc12-0669. PMC 3507562. PMID 23173134.
  17. ↑ Melmed S, Polonsky KS, Larsen PR, Kronenberg HM, eds. (2011). Williams textbook of endocrinology (12th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier/Saunders. pp. 1371–1435. ISBN 978-1-4377-0324-5.
  18. ↑ Leutholtz BC, Ripoll I (2011). "Diabetes". Exercise and disease management (2nd ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. p. 25. ISBN 978-1-4398-2759-8. OCLC 725919496.
  19. ↑ Zajac J, Shrestha A, Patel P, Poretsky L (2009). "The Main Events in the History of Diabetes Mellitus". In Poretsky L (ed.). Principles of diabetes mellitus (2nd ed.). New York: Springer. pp. 3–16. ISBN 978-0-387-09840-1. OCLC 663097550.
  20. ↑ Zaccardi F, Webb DR, Yates T, Davies MJ (February 2016). "Pathophysiology of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a 90-year perspective". Postgraduate Medical Journal. 92 (1084): 63–9. doi:10.1136/postgradmedj-2015-133281. PMID 26621825. S2CID 28169759.
[edit | edit source]
Dem retrieve am from "https://gpe.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Type_2_diabetes&oldid=98130"