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Typhoid fever

From Wikipedia
typhoid fever
infectious disease, class of disease
Subclass ofprimary bacterial infectious disease, anthroponotic disease, disease, pandemic and epidemic-prone diseases Edit
Has causeSalmonella enterica Edit
Health specialtyinfectious diseases Edit
Possible treatmentantibiotic, detoxification, diet, blood transfusion, surgical operation Edit
Has natural reservoirhuman Edit
ICD-9-CM002.0 Edit
ICPC 2 IDD70 Edit
NCI Thesaurus IDC35089 Edit

Typhoid fever, dem sanso know as typhoid, be a disease wey Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi bacteria dey cause, dem sanso call Salmonella typhi.[1][2] Symptoms dey vary from mild to severe, wey e usually dey begin six to 30 days after exposure.[3][4] Often der be a gradual onset of a high fever over several days.[3] Dis be commonly accompanied by weakness, abdominal pain, constipation, headaches, den mild vomiting.[4][5][6] Sam people dey develop a skin rash plus rose colored spots.[4] Insyd severe cases, people fi experience confusion.[6] Widout treatment, symptoms fi last weeks anaa months.[4] Diarrhea fi be severe, buh e be uncommon.[6] Oda people fi carry am widout dem be affected, buh still be contagious.[7] Typhoid fever be a type of enteric fever, along plus paratyphoid fever.[1] Dem dey believe Salmonella enterica Typhi to infect den replicate within humans per.[8]

Typhoid be caused by de bacterium Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi wey dey grow insyd de intestines, Peyer's patches, mesenteric lymph nodes, spleen, liver, gallbladder, bone marrow den blood.[4][6] Typhoid be spread by eating anaa drinking chow anaa water contaminated plus de feces of an infected person.[7] Risk factors dey include limited access to clean drinking water den poor sanitation.[1] Those wey dem no yet been exposed to am wey dem ingest contaminated drinking water anaa chow be most at risk for developing symptoms.[6] Humans per wey fi be infected; der be no known animal reservoirs.[7] Salmonella typhi wich dey cause typhoid fever be different from de oda Salmonella bacteria wey usually dey cause salmonellosis, a common type of food poisoning.[9]

Dem dey perform diagnosis by culturing den dey identify S. typhi from patient samples anaa detecting an immune response to de pathogen from blood samples.[1][4][10] Recently, na new advances insyd large-scale data collection den analysis allow researchers to develop better diagnostics, such as detecting changing abundances of small molecules insyd de blood wey fi specifically indicate typhoid fever.[11] Diagnostic tools insyd regions wer na typhoid be most prevalent be quite limited insyd dema accuracy den specificity, den de time dem require for a proper diagnosis, de increasing spread of antibiotic resistance, den de cost of testing sanso be hardships for under-resourced healthcare systems.[8]

A typhoid vaccine fi prevent about 40–90% of cases during de first two years.[12] De vaccine fi get sam effect for up to seven years.[1] For those at high risk anaa people wey dey travel to areas wer e be common, dem dey recommend vaccination.[7] Oda efforts to prevent am dey include providing clean drinking water, good sanitation, den handwashing.[4][7] Til an infection dem confirm as cleared, de infected person for no prepare chow give odas.[4] Dem dey treat typhoid plus antibiotics such as azithromycin, fluoroquinolones, anaa third-generation cephalosporins.[1] Resistance to dese antibiotics dey develop, wich dem make treatment more difficult.[1][13][14]

Insyd 2015, na dem report 12.5 million new typhoid cases.[15] De disease be most common insyd India.[1] Kiddies be most commonly affected.[1][7] Na typhoid decrease insyd de developed world insyd de 1940s as a result of improved sanitation den de use of antibiotics.[7] Every year na dem report about 400 cases insyd de U.S. den an estimated 6,000 people get typhoid.[6][16] Insyd 2015, na e result in about 149,000 deaths worldwide – down from 181,000 insyd 1990.[17][18] Widout treatment, de risk of death fi be as high as 20%.[7] Plus treatment, e be between 1% den 4%.[1][7]

Typhus be a different disease, wey unrelated species of bacteria dey cause.[19] Owing to dema similar symptoms, na dem no recognize dem as distinct diseases til de 1800s. "Typhoid" dey mean "resembling typhus".[20]

Society den culture

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Notable people

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  • Emperor Augustus of Rome – dem suspect am based on historical record buh dem no confirm.[21]
  • Albert, Prince Consort, husby of Queen Victoria of de United Kingdom, died 24 days after de first record of "feeling horribly ill".[21]
  • Edward VII of de UK, son of Queen Victoria, while still Prince of Wales, get a near-fatal case of typhoid fever.
  • Tsar Nicholas II of Russia, he survive, na illness be circa 1900–1901.[22]
  • Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands fi get an abortion insyd 1902 secof a typhoid infection na she survive.[23][24]
  • William Henry Harrison, de ninth President of de United States of America, he die 32 days into ein term, insyd 1841. Dis be de shortest term wey a United States Presido serve.
  • Wilbur Wright, co-inventor of de airplane plus brother Orville, die from typhoid insyd 1912 at de age of 45.
  • Stephen A. Douglas, a political opponent of Abraham Lincoln insyd 1858 den 1860, he die of typhoid on June 3, 1861.
  • Ignacio Zaragoza, a Mexican general den politician, die at de age of 33 of typhoid fever on September 8, 1862.
  • Franz Schubert, songwriter den composer die of typhoid at age 31 on November 19, 1828.
  • William Wallace Lincoln, de son of US presido Abraham den Mary Todd Lincoln, die at de age of 11 years of typhoid insyd 1862.[25]
  • Princess Leopoldina of Brazil, daughter of Emperor Pedro II, die of typhoid insyd 1871.[26]
  • Martha Bulloch Roosevelt, mommie of presido Theodore Roosevelt den paternal grandmommie of Eleanor Roosevelt, die of typhoid fever insyd 1884.
  • Mary Mallon, "Typhoid Mary"
  • Leland Stanford Jr., son of American tycoon den politician A. Leland Stanford den eponym of Leland Stanford Junior University, die of typhoid fever insyd 1884 at de age of 15.[27]
  • Three of Louis Pasteur ein five kiddie die of typhoid fever.
  • Gerard Manley Hopkins, an English poet, die of typhoid fever insyd 1889.[28]
  • Lizzie van Zyl, South African child inmate of de Bloemfontein concentration camp during de Second Boer War, die of typhoid fever insyd 1901.
  • Dr HJH 'Tup' Scott, captain of de 1886 Australian cricket team wey tour England, die of typhoid insyd 1910.
  • Arnold Bennett, English novelist, die insyd 1932 of typhoid.[29]
  • Hakaru Hashimoto, a Japanese medical scientist, die of typhoid fever insyd 1934.
  • John Buford, Union cavalry officer during the Civil War, die of typhoid fever on December 16, 1863.

References

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  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Wain J, Hendriksen RS, Mikoleit ML, Keddy KH, Ochiai RL (March 2015). "Typhoid fever". Lancet. 385 (9973): 1136–45. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)62708-7. PMC 11567078. PMID 25458731. S2CID 2409150.
  2. ↑ Mathur, Ramkumar; Oh, Hyunju; Zhang, Dekai; Park, Sung-Gyoo; Seo, Jin; Koblansky, Alicia; Hayden, Matthew S.; Ghosh, Sankar (October 2012). "A Mouse Model of Salmonella typhi Infection". Cell. 151 (3): 590–602. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.08.042. ISSN 0092-8674. PMC 3500584. PMID 23101627.
  3. 1 2 Newton AE (2014). "3 Infectious Diseases Related To Travel". CDC health information for international travel 2014: the yellow book. Oup USA. ISBN 978-0-19-994849-9. Archived from the original on 2015-07-02.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Typhoid Fever". cdc.gov. May 14, 2013. Archived from the original on 6 June 2016. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
  5. ↑ "Typhoid". www.who.int (in English). Retrieved 2024-05-18.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Typhoid Fever". cdc.gov. May 14, 2013. Archived from the original on 6 June 2016. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Typhoid vaccines: WHO position paper" (PDF). Relevé Épidémiologique Hebdomadaire. 83 (6): 49–59. February 2008. PMID 18260212. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 2, 2015.
  8. 1 2 Pitzer VE, Meiring J, Martineau FP, Watson CH, Kang G, Basnyat B, Baker S (October 2019). "The Invisible Burden: Diagnosing and Combatting Typhoid Fever in Asia and Africa". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 69 (Suppl 5): S395 – S401. doi:10.1093/cid/ciz611. PMC 6792124. PMID 31612938.
  9. ↑ "Typhoid Fever: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment".
  10. ↑ Crump JA, Mintz ED (January 2010). "Global trends in typhoid and paratyphoid Fever". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 50 (2): 241–6. doi:10.1086/649541. PMC 2798017. PMID 20014951.
  11. ↑ Näsström E, Parry CM, Thieu NT, Maude RR, de Jong HK, Fukushima M, Rzhepishevska O, Marks F, Panzner U, Im J, Jeon H (2017). Reproducible diagnostic metabolites in plasma from typhoid fever patients in Asia and Africa. Umeå universitet, Kemiska institutionen. OCLC 1234663430.
  12. ↑ Milligan R, Paul M, Richardson M, Neuberger A (May 2018). "Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2018 (5) CD001261. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001261.pub4. PMC 6494485. PMID 29851031.
  13. ↑ Chatham-Stephens K, Medalla F, Hughes M, Appiah GD, Aubert RD, Caidi H, Angelo KM, Walker AT, Hatley N, Masani S, Nash J, Belko J, Ryan ET, Mintz E, Friedman CR (January 2019). "Emergence of Extensively Drug-Resistant Salmonella Typhi Infections Among Travelers to or from Pakistan – United States, 2016–2018". MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 68 (1): 11–13. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6801a3. PMC 6342547. PMID 30629573.
  14. ↑ Kuehn, Rebecca; Stoesser, Nicole; Eyre, David; Darton, Thomas C; Basnyat, Buddha; Parry, Christopher Martin (24 November 2022). "Treatment of enteric fever (typhoid and paratyphoid fever) with cephalosporins". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2022 (11) CD010452. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010452.pub2. PMC 9686137. PMID 36420914.
  15. ↑ Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, et al. (GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators) (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–1602. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. PMC 5055577. PMID 27733282.
  16. ↑ Jackson BR, Iqbal S, Mahon B (March 2015). "Updated recommendations for the use of typhoid vaccine—Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, United States, 2015". MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 64 (11): 305–8. PMC 4584884. PMID 25811680.
  17. ↑ Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, et al. (GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators) (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1459–1544. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1. PMC 5388903. PMID 27733281.
  18. ↑ Abubakar II, Tillmann T, Banerjee A, et al. (GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators) (January 2015). "Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013". Lancet. 385 (9963): 117–71. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2. PMC 4340604. PMID 25530442.
  19. ↑ Cunha BA (March 2004). "Osler on typhoid fever: differentiating typhoid from typhus and malaria". Infectious Disease Clinics of North America. 18 (1): 111–25. doi:10.1016/S0891-5520(03)00094-1. PMID 15081508.
  20. ↑ Evans, Alfred S.; Brachman, Philip S. (2013). Bacterial Infections of Humans: Epidemiology and Control (in English). Springer. p. 839. ISBN 978-1-4615-5327-4.
  21. 1 2 Adler R, Mara E (2016). Typhoid fever: a history. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-0-7864-9781-2. OCLC 934938999.
  22. ↑ "Nicholas II - At the Court of the Last Tsar - Chapter 1, Part 2, The Empress Alexandra". www.alexanderpalace.org. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
  23. ↑ "Hoogleraar heeft aanwijzingen voor abortus bij Wilhelmina: 'Monarchie hing aan zijden draadje' (Professor has indication for abortion Wilhelmina: Monarchy was hanging by a thread)". RTL Nieuws (in Dutch). 2023-04-19.
  24. ↑ Trudy Dehue. "Egg Foetus Baby, A New History of Pregnancy". Dutch foundation for literature. Archived from the original on 2024-03-17. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
  25. ↑ Dennis B (2011-09-29). "Willie Lincoln's death: A private agony for a president facing a nation of pain". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 2017-04-01. Retrieved 2017-03-12.
  26. ↑ "Maldiçãp, febre e alucinações: a melancólica morte de Leopoldina de Bragança". aventurasnahistoria.uol.com.br. June 7, 2020. Retrieved February 3, 2022.
  27. ↑ "A History of Stanford". Stanford University. Retrieved 4 July 2018.
  28. ↑ Ruggles E (1944). Gerard Manley Hopkins: A Life. Norton.
  29. ↑ "Straw for Silence". The Spectator. Vol. 203. F.C. Westley. 1959. ISSN 0038-6952. OCLC 1766325.
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