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UNESCO
specialized agency of the United Nations, intergovernmental organization
Year dem found am16 November 1945 Edit
Native labelUnited Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, Organisation des Nations unies pour l'éducation, la science et la culture Edit
Short nameUNESCO, ONUÉSC, UNESKO Edit
Dey archive forUniversity of Maryland Libraries Edit
Has works in the collectionNational Museum of World Cultures, Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam, Amsab - Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis Gent, Anne Frank House Edit
Position held by head of the organizationDirector-General of UNESCO Edit
ChairpersonKhaled al-Anani Edit
CountryFrance Edit
Coordinate location48°50′59″N 2°18′22″E Edit
Member ofGlobal Citizen Science Partnership, Global Academic Integrity Network Edit
Parent organization or unitUnited Nations Edit
Owner ofThe Symbolic Globe, World Heritage Centre Edit
Partnership withUnited Cities and Local Governments, Wapikoni Mobile, International Civil Aviation Organization Edit
Demma headquarters locationParis Edit
Dey replaceInternational Committee on Intellectual Cooperation Edit
Award e receivePeabody Awards Edit
Street address7, place de Fontenoy 75007 Paris Edit
Terms of service URLhttps://digital.archives.unesco.org/en Edit
Operating areaworldwide Edit
GrantsUNESCO/Institut Pasteur Medal, UNESCO awards Edit
Related categoryCategory:UNESCO awards Edit
Open data portalUNESCO Data portal Edit
Official observer status in organizationWorld Intellectual Property Organization, Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence, International Organization for Migration, United Nations General Assembly Edit
Charter URLhttps://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000179478 Edit
Map

De United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO /juːˈnɛskoʊ/)[1] be a specialized agency of de United Nations (UN) plus de aim of make e dey promote world peace den security thru international cooperation insyd education, arts, sciences den culture.[2][3] E get 194 member states den 12 associate members,[4] as well as partners insyd de non-governmental, intergovernmental den private sector.[5] E be headquartered insyd Paris, France, UNESCO get 53 regional field offices[6] den 199 national commissions.[7][8]

Na dem found UNESCO insyd 1945 as de successor to de League of Nations' International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation.[9] Na UNESCO ein founding mission, wich na dem shape by de events of World War II, be to advance peace, sustainable development den human rights by make dem dey facilitate collaboration den dialogue among nations.[10] E dey pursue dis objective thru five major programme areas: education, natural sciences, social/human sciences, culture den communication/information. UNESCO dey sponsor projects wey dey improve literacy, dey provide technical training den education, advance science, protect independent media den press freedom, preserve regional den cultural history, den dey promote cultural diversity.[11][12][13] De organization dey prominently help establish den secure World Heritage Sites of cultural den natural importance.[14]

UNESCO be governed by de General Conference wey be composed of member states den associate members, wich dey meet biannually make dem set de agency ein programs den budget. E sanso dey elect members of de executive board, wich dey manage UNESCO ein work, den dey appoint every four years a Director-General, wey dey serve as UNESCO ein chief administrator.

History

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Origins

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UNESCO den ein mandate for international cooperation fi be traced back to a League of Nations resolution on 21 September 1921, make dem elect a commission study de feasibility of having nations freely share cultural, educational den scientific achievements. Dis new body, de International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation (ICIC), na dem create am insyd 1922[9] wey e count such figures as Henri Bergson, Albert Einstein, Marie Curie, Robert A. Millikan, den Gonzague de Reynold among ein members (thus ebe a small commission of de League of Nations essentially centre for Western Europe[15]). Na dem create de International Institute for Intellectual Cooperation (IIIC) insyd Paris insyd September 1924, make e act as de executing agency give de ICIC. However, na de onset of World War II largely interrupt de work of dese predecessor organizations.[16] As for private initiatives, na de International Bureau of Education (IBE) begin dey work as a non-governmental organization insyd de service of international educational development since December 1925 wey e join UNESCO insyd 1969, after dem establish a joint commission insyd 1952.[17]

Creation

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After dem sign Atlantic Charter and United Nations Declaration, dem start CAME meeting for London from 16 November 1942 to 5 December 1945. On 30 October 1943, dem talk say e dey important to get international body for Moscow Declaration, as China, UK, US and USSR agree. Next, Dumbarton Oaks Conference proposals land on 9 October 1944. As CAME propose and based on UN Conference on International Organization (UNCIO) wey happen for San Francisco from April to June 1945, dem call United Nations Conference to set up educational and cultural organization (ECO/CONF) for London from 1 to 16 November 1945 with forty-four governments show face. Rab Butler, wey be UK Minister of Education, na him dey push de idea of UNESCO well well.[18] At de ECO/CONF, dem introduce de Constitution of UNESCO plus 37 countries sign am, plus dem establish a Preparatory Commission.[19]Den come create Preparatory Commission. De Preparatory Commission don operate between 16 November 1945, den 4 November 1946 — de date when UNESCO's Constitution come insyde force with de deposit of de twentieth ratification by a member state.[20]

Di first General Conference happen from 19 November go 10 December 1946, and dem elected Julian Huxley as Director-General.[21] United States Army colonel, university president plus civil rights advocate Blake R. Van Leer sef join as member.[22] Dem amend Constitution insyde November 1954 when General Conference gree say members of di executive board go be people wey represent di governments of di States wey dem be citizens plus dem no go, as before, act insyde demma own personal capacity.[23] Dis change insyde governance don distinguishe UNESCO from its predecessor, de ICIC, for how member states would work together for de organization fields of competence. As member states dey work together over time to realize UNESCO's mandate, political den historical factors don shape de organization en operations particularly for de time of de Cold War, de decolonization process, plus de breakup of de Soviet Union.[24][25]

Development

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Dem big achieve wey di organization get na di work wey dem dey do against racism, like di important talks wey dem don make about race. Dis one start from di declaration wey some anthropologists (like Claude Lévi-Strauss join inside) plus other scientists talk for 1950 come end with di 1978 Declaration on Race den Racial Prejudice.[26]

For 1955, de Republic of South Africa comot from UNESCO wey dem talk say some of wetin de organization dey publish dey cause "interference" for di country "racial wahala".[27] Dem rejoin de organization insyde 1994 under Nelson Mandela en leadership.[28][29]

One of di early work of UNESCO insyde de education field be one pilot project for fundamental education insyde de Marbial Valley, Haiti, wey dem launch for 1947. After dis project, one expert mission waka to other countries, wey include one mission wey dem do for Afghanistan for 1949.[30] UNESCO talk say for 1948, make all Member countries make free primary education compulsory den universal.[30] World Conference wey dem do for Education for All insyde Jomtien, Thailand, start global movement for 1990 make dem provide basic education for every pikin, youth plus adult.[30] For 2000, World Education Forum wey happen for Dakar, Senegal, make government members to commit for achieving basic education for all insyde 2015.[30]

De World Declaration for Higher Education na wetin UNESCO talk for their World Conference wey happen for 9 October 1998,[31] e dey aim to set global standard wey go show wetin higher education suppose be plus how everybody fit access am.

UNESCO dey do wetin dem sabi for culture since long, like when dem start di International Campaign wey fit save di Monuments of Nubia for 1960.[32] Di campaign wan move di Great Temple of Abu Simbel make e no go drown for di Nile after dem build di Aswan Dam. For di 20 years wey di campaign last, dem move 22 monuments plus some big buildings. Dis one na di first and di biggest for plenty campaigns wey dey include Mohenjo-daro (Pakistan), Fes (Morocco), Kathmandu (Nepal), Borobudur (Indonesia) plus di Acropolis for Athens (Greece).[33] Di work wey di organization dey do for heritage make dem adopt, for 1972, di Convention wey concern di Protection of di World Cultural and Natural Heritage.[34] For 1976, dem establish di World Heritage Committee and di first sites join di World Heritage List for 1978.[35] Since dat time, important legal instruments for cultural heritage plus diversity don dey adopted by UNESCO member states for 2003 (Convention for di Safeguarding of di Intangible Cultural Heritage)[36] plus 2005 (Convention on di Protection plus Promotion of di Diversity of Cultural Expressions).[37]

One meeting wey UNESCO gather for Paris for December 1951 make dem form European Council for Nuclear Research. Dem be the ones wey dey responsible to set up the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)[38] later on, insyde 1954.[39]

Arid Zone programming, 1948–1966, be another example of one early major UNESCO project insyde de field of natural sciences.[40]

For 1968, UNESCO run di first intergovernmental conference wey wan make environment and development fit balance, matter wey dem still dey handle for sustainable development area. Di main thing wey come out from di 1968 conference na di creation of UNESCO Man plus di Biosphere Programme.[41]

UNESCO don get credit for how dem spread national science bureaucracies.[42]

For de field of communication, di 'free flow of ideas by word plus image' don dey for UNESCO constitution since dem start am, following de experience of de Second World War when control of information be factor for indoctrinating populations for aggression.[43] After World War II, dem dey focus on rebuilding plus finding wetin people need for proper communication around di world. UNESCO dey organize training den education for journalists since di 1950s.[43] As people dey shout for new way wey infomation den communication go take flow for late 1970s, UNESCO come set up International Commission wey go study de communication wahala,[44] plus dem come drop de 1980 MacBride report (wey dem name after de chairman, Seán MacBride, wey get Nobel Peace Prize).[45] That same year, UNESCO start di International Programme for di Development of Communication (IPDC), wetin be forum wey go help media grow for developing countries.[46] Insyde 1993, de UNESCO General Conference don endorse de Windhoek Declaration on media independence den pluralism, wey lead de UN General Assembly to declare de date wey dem go adopt am, 3 May, as World Press Freedom Day.[47] Since 1997, UNESCO dey give UNESCO / Guillermo Cano World Press Freedom Prize every 3 May.[48]

21st century

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UNESCO don accept Palestine as member for 2011..[49][50][51]

Di laws wey dem pass for United States after Palestine apply for UNESCO plus WHO membership for April 1989[52][53] mean say di United States no fit give money to any UN organization wey accept Palestine as full member.[54][55] As a result, de United States don withdraw dem funding, wey be like 22% of UNESCO en budget.[56] Israel sef respond to Palestine join UNESCO by freeze dem payment go UNESCO plus dey put sanctions for Palestinian Authority,[57] stating dat Palestine join go spoil dem potential peace talks.[58] Two years after stopping payment of its dues to UNESCO, de United States plus Israel lost UNESCO voting rights for 2013 without losing de right to be elected; thus, dem elect de United States as a member of de executive board for de period 2016–19.[59] For 2019, Israel waka comot from UNESCO after 69 years wey dem dey insyde. with Israel ambassador for UN, Danny Danon talk say: 'UNESCO be de body that continually rewrites history, including to wipe out de Jewish link to Jerusalem... e don corrupt plus dey manipulated by Israel en enemies... we no go fit belong to group wey dey act against us on purpose.'[60]

2023 be di first time say dem no go allow Russia join di executive committee, dem no fit gather enough votes.[61] Di United States talk say dem wan come back join UNESCO for 2023, after dem don comot for 5 years, plus dem go pay dem $600 million wey dem owe.[62] Di UNESCO General Conference accept dem back for July that year.[63]

Activities

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UNESCO offices insyde Brasília

UNESCO de implement demma activities through five main areas: education, natural sciences, social den human sciences, culture, plus communication plus information.[64]

  • UNESCO dey support research for comparative education, de give expertise plus dey join hands with partners to make national education leadership strong plus fit help countries give quality education wey go fit reach everybody. This one include de
  • UNESCO Chairs, dem be international network wey get 644 UNESCO chairs, wey involve pass 770 institutions for 126 countries.
  • Convention wey dey fight against discrimination for education, dem adopt am for 1960
  • Organization of de International Conference on Adult Education (CONFINTEA) insyde 12 years interval
  • Publication of de Education for All Global Monitoring Report
  • Publication of de Four Pillars of Learning seminal document
  • UNESCO ASPNet be global network wey get over 12,000 schools for 182 countries.

UNESCO no dey give accreditation to higher learning institutions.[65]

  • UNESCO de issue public statements to educate de public:
  • Seville Statement on Violence: Na statement wey UNESCO take for 1989 to dey clear say humans no be biologically wired to do organized violence.
  • Designating projects den places of cultural plus scientific significance, such as:
  • Global Geoparks Network
  • Biosphere reserves, through di Programme wey dey connect Man plus di Biosphere (MAB), since 1971
  • Literature City ; for 2007, Edinburgh na di first city wey get dis title, na di place wey Scotland get im first circulating library.[66] For 2008, Iowa City, Iowa, come join as di City of Literature..[67][68]
  • Di language wey dey face extinction and di projects wey go promote linguistic variety (UNESCO Atlas of World Languages wey dey insyde danger)
  • Masterpieces of de Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity
  • Memory of de World International Register, since 1997, plus some national plus regional registers too.
  • Water resources management, through de International Hydrological Programme (IHP), since 1965
  • World Heritage Sites
  • World Digital Library
  • Make we dey push di 'free flow of ideas wey dey come from images and words' by:

UNESCO transparency portal[69] wey dey show make everybody fit see wetin dey happen for di Organization, like di total money wey dem get for two years, plus links to important documents wey relate to programs and money matter. Dis two different types of information dey publish for IATI registry, based on IATI Activity Standard and IATI Organization Standard.

Dem don talk say make we set two new UNESCO lists. De first list go dey about movable cultural heritage like artifacts, paintings, and biofacts. E fit include cultural things like the Jōmon Venus from Japan, Mona Lisa from France, Gebel el-Arak Knife from Egypt, The Ninth Wave from Russia, Seated Woman from Çatalhöyük insyde Turkey, David (Michelangelo) from Italy, Mathura Herakles from India, Manunggul Jar from Philippines, Crown of Baekje from South Korea, The Hay Wain from UK plus de Benin Bronzes from Nigeria. De second list go focus on De living species wey dey for this world.[70][71]

Media

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UNESCO plus demma special bodies dey drop plenti magazines.

Dis magazine wey dem call UNESCO Courier start for 1945. Dem say e get mission to 'promote UNESCO ideals, create space for cultures to yarn and give forum for international talk'. From March 2006, e don dey free online, small small printed copies dey available. Di articles na wetin di authors think, e no mean say na UNESCO thoughts be dat. Dem pause publishing from 2012 to 2017.[72]

For 1950, UNESCO start the quarterly review wey dem dey call Impact of Science on Society (or just Impact) make dem fit talk about how science dey affect society. Dem no publish de journal again for 1992.[73]

Official UNESCO NGOs

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UNESCO get official relations plus 322 international non-governmental organizations (NGOs).[74] Chaw of dese be wat UNESCO dey call "operational"; a select few be "formal".[75] De highest form of affiliation to UNESCO be "formal associate", den de 22 NGOs[76] plus formal associate (ASC) relations wey dey occupy offices for UNESCO be:

Abbr Organization
IBInternational Baccalaureate
CCIVSCo-ordinating Committee for International Voluntary Service
CIPSHInternational Council for Philosophy and Humanistic Studies (Conseil International de Philosophie et des Sciences Humaines; e dey publish Diogenes)
CIOFFInternational Council of Organizations of Folklore Festivals and Folk Arts (Conseil International des Organisations de Festivals de Folklore et d'Arts Traditionnels)
EIEducation International
IAUInternational Association of Universities
IFTCInternational Council for Film, Television and Audiovisual Communication
ICOMInternational Council of Museums
ICSSPEInternational Council of Sport Science and Physical Education
ICAInternational Council on Archives
ICOMOSInternational Council on Monuments and Sites
IFJInternational Federation of Journalists
IFLAInternational Federation of Library Associations and Institutions
IFPAInternational Federation of Poetry Associations
IMCInternational Music Council
IPAInternational Police Association
INSULAInternational Scientific Council for Island Development
ISCInternational Science Council (formerly International Council for Science (ICSU) den International Social Science Council (ISSC)
ITIInternational Theatre Institute
IUCNInternational Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
IUTAOInternational Union of Technical Associations and Organizations
UIAUnion of International Associations
WANWorld Association of Newspapers
WFEOWorld Federation of Engineering Organizations
WFUCAWorld Federation of UNESCO Clubs, Centres and Associations
UNESCO Institute for Water Education insyde Delft

Institutes den centres

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De institutes be specialized departments of de organization wey dey support UNESCO ein programme, wey dey provide specialized support give cluster den national offices.

Abbr Name Location
IBE International Bureau of Education Geneva[77]
UIL UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning Hamburg[78]
IIEP UNESCO International Institute for Educational Planning Paris (headquarters) den Buenos Aires den Dakar (regional offices)[79]
IITE UNESCO Institute for Information Technologies in Education Moscow[80]
IICBA UNESCO International Institute for Capacity Building in Africa Addis Ababa[81]
IESALC UNESCO International Institute for Higher Education in Latin America and the Caribbean Caracas[82]
MGIEP Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Education for Peace and Sustainable Development New Delhi[83]
UNESCO-UNEVOC UNESCO-UNEVOC International Centre for Technical and Vocational Education and Training Bonn[84]
ICWRGC International Centre for Water Resources and Global Change Koblenz[85]
IHE IHE-Delft Institute for Water Education Delft[86]
ICTP International Centre for Theoretical Physics Trieste[87]
UIS UNESCO Institute for Statistics Montreal[88]

Prizes

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UNESCO dey award 26 prizes[89] insyd education, natural sciences, social den human sciences, culture, communication den information as well as peace:

Education

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  • UNESCO/King Sejong Literacy Prize
  • UNESCO/Confucius Prize for Literacy
  • UNESCO-Japan Prize on Education for Sustainable Development
  • UNESCO Prize for Girls' and Women's Education
  • UNESCO/Hamdan Bin Rashid Al-Maktoum Prize for Outstanding Practice and Performance in Enhancing the Effectiveness of Teachers
  • UNESCO King Hamad Bin Isa Al-Khalifa Prize for the Use of Information and Communication Technologies in Education

Natural Sciences

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  • L'Oréal-UNESCO Awards for Women in Science[90][91]
  • UNESCO/Kalinga Prize for the Popularization of Science
  • UNESCO-Equatorial Guinea International Prize for Research in the Life Sciences
  • Carlos J. Finlay Prize for Microbiology
  • UNESCO/Sultan Qaboos Prize for Environmental Preservation
  • UNESCO-Russia Mendeleev International Prize in the Basic Sciences
  • UNESCO-Al Fozan International Prize for the Promotion of Young Scientists in STEM
  • Michel Batisse Award for Biosphere Reserve Management

Social den Human Sciences

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  • UNESCO Avicenna Prize for Ethics in Science
  • UNESCO/Juan Bosch Prize for the Promotion of Social Science Research in Latin America and the Caribbean
  • UNESCO-Madanjeet Singh Prize for the Promotion of Tolerance and Non-Violence
  • UNESCO-Sharjah Prize for Arab Culture
  • UNESCO/International José Martí Prize
  • UNESCO-UNAM / Jaime Torres Bodet Prize in social sciences, humanities and arts

Culture

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  • Melina Mercouri International Prize for the Safeguarding and Management of Cultural Landscapes (UNESCO-Greece)

Communication den Information

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  • UNESCO/Guillermo Cano World Press Freedom Prize
  • UNESCO/Emir Jaber al-Ahmad al-Jaber al-Sabah Prize to promote Quality Education for Persons with Intellectual Disabilities
  • UNESCO/Jikji Memory of the World Prize

Peace

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  • Félix Houphouët-Boigny Peace Prize

Inactive prizes

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  • International Simón Bolívar Prize (inactive since 2004)
  • UNESCO Prize for Human Rights Education
  • UNESCO/Obiang Nguema Mbasogo International Prize for Research in the Life Sciences (inactive since 2010)
  • UNESCO Prize for the Promotion of the Arts

International Days dem observe for UNESCO

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International Days dem observe for UNESCO dem provide insyd de table below:[92]

Date Name
14 January World Logic Day
24 January World Day for African and Afrodescendant Culture[93]
24 January International Day of Education
25 January International Day of Women in Multilateralism[94]
27 January International Day of Commemoration in Memory of the Victims of the Holocaust
11 February International Day of Women and Girls in Science
13 February World Radio Day
21 February International Mother Language Day
4 March UNESCO World Engineering Day for Sustainable Development
8 March International Women's Day
14 March International Day of Mathematics
20 March International Francophonie Day
21 March International Day of Nowruz
21 March World Poetry Day
21 March International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination
22 March World Water Day
5 April International Day of Conscience
6 April International Day of Sport for Development and Peace
15 April World Art Day
23 April World Book and Copyright Day
30 April International Jazz Day
3 May World Press Freedom Day
5 May African World Heritage Day
5 May World Portuguese Language Day
16 May International Day of Light
21 May World Day for Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development
22 May International Day for Biological Diversity
5 June World Environment Day
8 June World Oceans Day
17 June World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought
7 July UN Swahili Language Day (Kiswahili Language Day)
18 July Nelson Mandela International Day
26 July International Day for the Conservation of the Mangrove Ecosystem
9 August International Day of the World's Indigenous People
12 August International Youth Day
23 August International Day for the Remembrance of the Slave Trade and its Abolition
8 September International Literacy Day
9 September International Day to Protect Education from Attack
15 September International Day of Democracy
20 September International Day for University Sport
21 September International Day of Peace
28 September International Day for the Universal Access to Information
5 October World Teachers' Day
6 October International Geodiversity Day[95]
11 October International Day of the Girl Child
13 October International Day for Disaster Reduction
17 October International Day for the Eradication of Poverty
24 October United Nations Day
27 October World Day for Audiovisual Heritage
2 November International Day to End Impunity for Crimes Against Journalists[96]
3 November International Day for Biosphere Reserves[97]
First Thursday of November International day against violence and bullying at school including cyberbullying[98]
5 November World Day of Romani Language
5 November World Tsunami Awareness Day
10 November World Science Day for Peace and Development
14 November International Day against Illicit Trafficking in Cultural Property[99]
Third Thursday of November World Philosophy Day
16 November International Day for Tolerance
18 November International International Day of Islamic Art[100]
25 November International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women
26 November World Olive Tree Day[101]
29 November International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People
1 December World AIDS Day
2 December World Futures Day[102]
3 December International Day of Persons with Disabilities
10 December Human Rights Day
18 December International Migrants Day
18 December World Arabic Language Day

Governing bodies

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Director-General

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As of June 2023, na der be 11 Directors-General of UNESCO since ein inception - men den two women. Na de 11 Directors-General of UNESCO komot six regions within de organization: West Europe (5), Central America (1), North America (2), West Africa (1), East Asia (1), den East Europe (1).

To date, na der be no elected Director-General from de ten regions within UNESCO wey remain: Southeast Asia, South Asia, Central den North Asia, Middle East, North Africa, East Africa, Central Africa, South Africa, Australia-Oceania, den South America.

De list of de Directors-General of UNESCO since ein establishment insyd 1946 be as follows:[103]

Directors-General of UNESCO
Order Image Name Country Term
1st Julian Huxley UK1946–1948
2nd Jaime Torres Bodet  Mexico1948–1952
– John Wilkinson Taylor  United Statesacting 1952–1953
3rd Luther Evans  United States1953–1958
4th Vittorino Veronese  Italy1958–1961
5th René Maheu Franceacting 1961; 1961–1974
6th Amadou-Mahtar M'Bow Senegal1974–1987
7th Federico Mayor Zaragoza Spain1987–1999
8th Koïchiro Matsuura Japan1999–2009
9th Irina Bokova Bulgaria2009–2017
10th Audrey Azoulay France2017–Incumbent

General Conference

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Dis be de list of de sessions of de UNESCO General Conference dem hold since 1946:[104]

Session Location Year E be chaired by from
1stParis1946Léon BlumFrance
2ndMexico City1947Manuel Gual VidalMexico
3rdBeirut1948Hamid Bey FrangieLebanon
1st extraordinaryParis1948
4thParis1949Edward Ronald WalkerAustralia
5thFlorence1950Stefano Jacini Italy
6thParis1951Howland H. Sargeant United States
7thParis1952Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan

India

2nd extraordinaryParis1953
8thMontevideo1954Justino Zavala MunizUruguay
9thNew Delhi1956Abul Kalam AzadIndia
10thParis1958Jean BerthoinFrance
11thParis1960Akale-Work Abte-WoldEthiopia
12thParis1962Paulo de Berrêdo CarneiroBrazil
13thParis1964Norair SisakianSoviet Union
14thParis1966Bedrettin TuncelTurkey
15thParis1968William Eteki MboumouaCameroon
16thParis1970Atilio Dell'Oro MainiArgentina
17thParis1972Toru HaguiwaraJapan
3rd extraordinaryParis1973
18thParis1974Magda JóborúHungary
19thNairobi1976Taaita ToweettKenya
20thParis1978Napoléon LeBlancCanada
21stBelgrade1980Ivo MarganYugoslavia
4th extraordinaryParis1982
22ndParis1983Saïd TellJordan
23rdSofia1985Nikolai TodorovBulgaria
24thParis1987Guillermo Putzeys AlvarezGuatemala
25thParis1989Anwar IbrahimMalaysia
26thParis1991Bethwell Allan OgotKenya
27thParis1993Ahmed Saleh SayyadYemen
28thParis1995Torben KroghDenmark
29thParis1997Eduardo PortellaBrazil
30thParis1999Jaroslava Moserová Czech Republic
31stParis2001Ahmad JalaliIran
32ndParis2003Michael OmolewaNigeria
33rdParis2005Musa Bin Jaafar Bin HassanOman
34thParis2007Georgios AnastassopoulosGreece
35thParis2009Davidson HepburnBahamas
36thParis2011Katalin BogyayHungary
37th[105]Paris2013Hao Ping China
38thParis2015Stanley Mutumba Simataa[106]Namibia
39thParis2017Zohour Alaoui[107]Morocco
40thParis2019

Ahmet Altay Cengizer[108]

  Turkey
41st[109] Paris 2021 Santiago Irazabal Mourão Brazil
42nd[110] Paris 2023 Simona Miculescu Romania

Offices den headquarters

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Field offices by region

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Dem organize de following list of all UNESCO Field Offices geographically by UNESCO Region wey dey identify de members states den associate members of UNESCO wich be served by each office.[111]

Africa

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Arab States

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  • Amman – National Office to Jordan
  • Beirut – Regional Bureau for Education insyd de Arab States den Cluster Office to Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Iraq den Palestine
  • Cairo – Regional Bureau for Sciences insyd de Arab States den Cluster Office give Egypt den Sudan
  • Doha – Cluster Office to Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates den Yemen
  • Iraq – National Office for Iraq (currently dey locate insyd Amman, Jordan)
  • Khartoum – National Office to Sudan
  • Manama – Arab Regional Centre for World Heritage
  • Rabat – Cluster Office to Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco den Tunisia
  • Ramallah – National Office to the Palestinian Territories

Asia den Pacific

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  • Almaty – Cluster Office to Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan den Uzbekistan
  • Apia – Cluster Office to Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Nauru, New Zealand, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu den Tokelau (Associate Member)
  • Bangkok – Regional Bureau for Education insyd Asia den de Pacific den Cluster Office to Thailand, Burma, Laos, Singapore den Vietnam
  • Beijing – Cluster Office to North Korea, Japan, Mongolia, de People's Republic of China den South Korea
  • Dhaka – National Office to Bangladesh
  • Hanoi – National Office to Vietnam
  • Islamabad – National Office to Pakistan
  • Jakarta – Regional Bureau for Sciences insyd Asia den de Pacific den Cluster Office to de Philippines, Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, den East Timor
  • Manila – National Office to de Philippines
  • Kabul – National Office to Afghanistan
  • Kathmandu – National Office to Nepal
  • New Delhi – Cluster Office to Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives den Sri Lanka
  • Phnom Penh – National Office to Cambodia
  • Tashkent – National Office to Uzbekistan
  • Tehran – Cluster Office to Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan den Turkmenistan

Europe den North America

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  • Brussels – Liaison Office to de European Union den ein subsidiary bodies insyd Brussels
  • Geneva – Liaison Office to the United Nations insyd Geneva
  • New York City – Liaison Office to de United Nations insyd New York
  • Venice – Regional Bureau for Sciences and Culture insyd Europe

Latin America den de Caribbean

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Carondelet Palace, Presidential Palace – plus changing of de guards. De Historic Center of Quito, Ecuador, be one of de largest, least-altered den best-preserved historic centres insyd de Americas.[112] Na dis centre be, togeda plus de historic centre of Kraków insyd Poland, de first make dem be declared World Heritage Site by UNESCO on 18 September 1978.
  • Brasília – National Office to Brazil[113]
  • Guatemala City – National Office to Guatemala
  • Havana – Regional Bureau for Culture insyd Latin America den de Caribbean den Cluster Office to Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti den Aruba
  • Kingston – Cluster Office to Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname den Trinidad and Tobago as well as de associate member states of British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Curaçao den Sint Maarten
  • Lima – National Office to Peru
  • Mexico City – National Office to Mexico
  • Montevideo – Regional Bureau for Sciences insyd Latin America den de Caribbean den Cluster Office to Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay den Uruguay
  • Port-au-Prince – National Office to Haiti
  • Quito – Cluster Office to Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador den Venezuela[114]
  • San José – Cluster Office to Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua den Panama
  • Santiago de Chile – Regional Bureau for Education insyd Latin America den de Caribbean den National Office to Chile

Partner organizations

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  • International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)
  • Blue Shield International (BSI)
  • International Council of Museums (ICOM)
  • International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS)
  • International Institute of Humanitarian Law (IIHL)

Controversies

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New World Information plus Communication Order

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UNESCO dey be de centre of controversy for de past, especially for de way e dey relate with United States, United Kingdom, Singapore and di old Soviet Union. During de 1970s den 1980s, UNESCO dey back 'New World Information and Communication Order' and dem MacBride report wey dey talk say make media dey democratize and people fit access information more equal, but people for dis countries no like am, dem go say na to hold freedom of press down. People dey see UNESCO as place wey communists plus Third World dictators fit use take attack de West, different from wetin USSR dey talk for late 1940s and early 1950s.[115] For 1984, United States no gree contribute again and comot from the organization wey dem dey protest, UK follow for 1985.[116] Singapore too comot end of 1985, because dem dey complain say membership fee dey too high.[117] After government change for 1997, UK come back join. United States join again for 2003, Singapore too follow on 8 October 2007.[118]

China

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Dem dey bash UNESCO say China dey use am to show dem Communist Party version of history, plus to make people fit forget wetin minority tribes like Uyghurs plus Tibetans don contribute.[119][120][121]

Israel

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Israel join UNESCO for 1949, one year after dem start am. Since that time, Israel don dey maintain dem membership. For 2010, Israel mark Cave of de Patriarchs for Hebron plus Rachel's Tomb for Bethlehem – both for West Bank – as National Heritage Sites, plus dem announce say dem go start restoration work. Dis one cause criticism from Obama administration den protests from Palestinians.[122] For October 2010, UNESCO people vote say make dem declare di places as "al-Haram al-Ibrahimi/Tomb of di Patriarchs" and "Bilal bin Rabah Mosque/Rachel's Tomb". Dem talk say dem na "part of di occupied Palestinian Territories" plus any move wey Israel go make by demself na against international law.[123] UNESCO talk say di sites be important for pipo wey dey follow Muslim, Christian and Jewish traditions, plus dem wan blame Israel say dem dey focus only on di Jewish side of di sites.[124] Israel come reply say UNESCO dey try separate di Nation of Israel from e heritage, and dem dey claim say dem dey do all dis for political reason.[125] Di Rabbi wey dey oversee Western Wall talk say Rachel tomb no be holy Muslim site before o.[126] Israel don suspend some of di ties with UNESCO small small. Di Israeli Deputy Foreign Minister Danny Ayalon talk say di resolution na part of di Palestinian wahala wey dey increase. Zevulun Orlev, wey dey lead the Knesset Education and Culture Committee, talk say di resolutions na try to spoil di mission of UNESCO as scientific plus cultural body wey dey promote cooperation throughout de world.[127][128]

On 28 June 2011, UNESCO World Heritage Committee, na Jordan push am, dem vex say Israel wan destroy plus build new Mughrabi Gate Bridge for Jerusalem for safety matter. Israel talk say Jordan sign agreement wey talk say dem go dismantle de bridge for safety; but Jordan argue say dem sign am under U.S. pressure. Israel no fit talk to UNESCO committee because Egypt no agree.[129]

For January 2014, small time before dem go open am, UNESCO Director-General, Irina Bokova, just waka come talk say dem go "postpone am forever" plus basically cancel show wey Simon Wiesenthal Centre create wey dem name "The People, The Book, The Land: The 3,500-year relationship between the Jewish people and the Land of Israel". Dem plan make the event happen from 21 January to 30 January for Paris. Bokova cancel de matter after Arab states wey dey for UNESCO come argue say de show go "spoil de peace process".[130] De person wey put together di exhibition, professor Robert Wistrich from Hebrew University Vidal Sassoon International Centre wey dey study Anti-Semitism, talk say di cancellation na "appalling act", plus e call Bokova's decision "an arbitrary act of total cynicism and, true true, contempt for di Jewish people plus dia history". UNESCO change di decision wey go cancel di exhibit within di year, plus e quickly become popular plus people see am as big success.[131]

For 1 January 2019, Israel officially leave UNESCO because US don comot dem due to wetin dem see as constant anti-Israel bias.[132]

Occupied Palestine Resolution

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For 13 October 2016, UNESCO come pass resolution wey talk say East Jerusalem matter dey hot. Dem dey vex say Israeli police plus soldiers dey do 'aggressions' plus 'illegal things' wey dey stop people to worship well well, especially Muslims wey dey go their holy places. Dem still recognize say Israel de occupy power. Palestinian leaders don welcome de decision.[133] Di text talk say di Old City of Jerusalem plus him walls dey important for di three monotheistic religions, but e just call di holy hilltop area for di Old City by di Muslim name "Al-Haram al-Sharif", wey be Arabic for Noble Sanctuary. Israel no gree the UNESCO resolution wey no talk about 'Temple Mount' or 'Har HaBayit', dem say e dey deny Jewish people connection to that important holy place.[134][135] After dem receive wahala from plenty Israeli politicians and diplomats, wey fit include Benjamin Netanyahu and Ayelet Shaked, Israel don freeze all connection with di organization.[136][137] Ban Ki-moon and di UNESCO boss, Irina Bokova, no gree dis resolution, dem talk say Judaism, Islam plus Christianity get clear historical ties to Jerusalem, plus to say anything wey go deny or hide any Jewish, Christian or Muslim tradition go spoil di essence of di place.[138][139] Al-Aqsa Mosque wey dem fit call Al-Haram al-Sharif, na di place wey dem dey call Temple Mount, plus di Western Wall dey be di holiest area for Judaism.[140] E still be say Czech Parliament no gree am, dem talk say di resolution dey show some hateful anti-Israel sentiments.[141] Plus, hundreds of Italian Jews come demonstrate for Rome over di way Italy no carry hand join dem.[141] For 26 October, UNESCO don approve de reviewed version of di resolution wey criticise Israel for demma continuous, say dem dey refuse make di body experts enter Jerusalem holy sites to check how e dey for conservation.[142] Even though dem soft de language small after Israeli protest for di last version, Israel still dey continuo to denounce de text.[143] Di resolution be about di place wey Jews and Christians dey call Temple Mount, or Har HaBayit for Hebrew, but dem only use im Arab name – dis one na big decision wey UNESCO executive board follow too, make Israel plus dem friends vex. U.S. Ambassador Crystal Nix Hines yarn say: "Dis matter suppose don fail. Dis kind politicized den one-sided resolutions dey spoil UNESCO credibility."[144]

For October 2017, United States plus Israel talk say dem go pull out from di organization, dem dey talk anyhow say na anti-Israel bias dey insyde.[145][146]

Palestine

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Palestinian youth magazine wahala

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For February 2011, dem publish one article for Palestinian youth magazine, wey one teenage girl talk say one of her four role models na Adolf Hitler. Then for December 2011, UNESCO wey give some money to the magazine, come talk say dem no fit support that kain material again den withdraw dem support.[147]

Islamic University of Gaza controversy

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For 2012, UNESCO talk say dem go set up chair for Islamic University of Gaza for astronomy, astrophysics, plus space science field,[148] but e cause wahala plus people dey vex. Israel don bomb di school for 2008, say dem dey develop plus store weapon insyde, plus dem still use dat to criticize UNESCO move.[149][150]

De head, Kamalain Shaath, talk say UNESCO dey defend am, e say "the Islamic University na pure academic university wey just dey focus on education plus how to grow am".[151][152][153] Israeli ambassador wey dey for UNESCO Nimrod Barkan wan drop letter wey go protest, he go talk about de university demma link to Hamas, e dey vex say na dis be di first Palestinian university wey UNESCO decide to chose to cooperate with. But e no bring any proof to show say dem get tie with Hamas.[154] Di Jewish group B'nai B'rith self no gree, dem criticize di move too.[155]

Listing Nanjing Massacre documents

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For 2015, Japan dey threaten say dem go stop to give UNESCO money because dem include some documents wey concern de 1937 Nanjing massacre for di latest list for di 'Memory of de World' program.[156] For October 2016, Japan Foreign Minister Fumio Kishida talk say dem don suspend Japan annual funding of ¥4.4 billion wey be 2016, but him deny say e get any direct link with Nanjing document wahala.[157]

US withdrawals

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Di United States comot from UNESCO for 1984, dem talk say di organization dey too political, e get wahala with di basic things wey make society free, especially free market plus free press. Dem still gree say di budget dey blow too much, plus poor management wey no de fit well under di Director-General Amadou-Mahtar M'Bow wey be from Senegal.[158]

For 19 September 1989, US Congressman Jim Leach talk for congressional subcommittee say:[159]

Di reasons why United States waka comot from UNESCO for 1984 dey known well; as for me, I feel say we overreact to some pipo wey wan turn UNESCO ground upside down, and others wey wan make US lead to dey weaken di whole UN matter. Truth be say, UNESCO no be one of di dangerous international places wey dem don create. E be true say some member countries dey try push news wey no go match di western values and dey bash Israel, but UNESCO self no carry dat kain radical gbege. Di United States choose empty-chair diplomacy, after we don win, no be lose di battles wey we engage for... Na serious madness to comot, and e go dey mad pass if we no come back.

Leach talk say dem record show say dem dey bash Israel, call for new world info order, money matter, and arm control policy na wetin make dem pull out; e still talk say before e comot from UNESCO, dem don dey push am to comot from IAEA.[160] On 1st October 2003, United States join back UNESCO.[161]

For 12 October 2017, di United States tell UNESCO say dem go jam away from di organization again, by 31 December 2018; Israel join dem too.[162] Di Department of State talk say di reason na 'dem dey owe plenty money for UNESCO, de need for fundamental reform insyde de organization, plus di anti-Israel wahala no dey stop for UNESCO'.[163]

United States no pay over $600 million insyde dues[164] since dem stop pay dem $80 million annual UNESCO dues when Palestine join full member for 2011. Israel plus USA dey among de 14 wey vote against de membership out of 194 member countries.[165] When USA shout say dem go join back di body for 2023, dem promise say dem go pay all di money wey dem owe.[166]

Kurdish–Turkish wahala

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For 25 May 2016, Turkish poet plus human rights activist Zülfü Livaneli talk say e don resign as Turkey's only UNESCO goodwill ambassador. E point out say de human rights matter for Turkey plus de destruction wey de happen for historical Sur district of Diyarbakir, wey be de biggest city for Kurdish-majority southeast Turkey, as di main reasons wey make am resign. Livaneli talk say: 'If you go dey talk plenty about peace but you no go talk against wetin dey happen, na serious contradiction for UNESCO fundamental ideals.'[167]

campaigns make dem stop illegal art trading

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For 2020, UNESCO talk say illegal trade wey dey happen for cultural property dey worth 10 billion dollars every year. But that same year, Rand Organization come drop report wey talk say di real market no go pass some few hundred million dollars each year. One expert wey UNESCO call out wey talk di 10 billion figure come deny am, him say e no sabi where di figure come from. Art dealers dey vex well well for di UNESCO figure because e big reach 15% of di total world art market.[168]

For November 2020, some part of UNESCO advertising campaign wey intend to highlight international trafficking for artefacts wey dem loot don withdraw after dem falsely presented series of museum-held artworks wey get known provenances as recently looted objects dem de keep insyde private collections. Dem talk say one Buddha head wey been dey for Metropolitan Museum since 1930, dem loot am from Kabul Museum for 2001 den carry am sneak enter US art market. One funerary monument from Palmyra wey Met buy for 1901, dem just loot am from Palmyra Museum by Islamic State militants den carry am sneak enter European antiquities market. Plus, one mask from Ivory Coast wey show say e dey for United States since 1954, dem loot am during arm clashes wahala wey happen for 2010-2011. After Met complain, dem comot de adverts.[169]

Products den services

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  • UNESDOC Database[170] – Get plenty pass 146,000 UNESCO documents wey dem don publish since 1945.as well as metadata from de collections of de UNESCO Library plus documentation centres for field offices den institutes.

Tools wey de processing Information

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UNESCO dey create, maintain, and share, free of charge, two dem software packages wey be connected for database management (CDS/ISIS [no be to confuse am with UK police software wey dem dey call ISIS]) and data mining/statistical analysis (IDAMS).[171]

  • CDS/ISIS – na general infomation storage plus retrieval system. Di Windows version fit run for one computer or local area network. Di JavaISIS client/server components go allow remote database management for Internet plus e dey available for Windows, Linux, and Macintosh. Plus, GenISIS go fit help users make HTML Web forms for CDS/ISIS database searching. Di ISIS_DLL dey provide API for developing CDS/ISIS based applications.
  • OpenIDAMS be software wey fit handle and analyze number data, wey UNESCO dey develop, maintain and share. Di original package dey belong to dem, but UNESCO don start project to provide am as open source.[172]
  • IDIS – be tool wey fit allow direct data exchange between CDS/ISIS den IDAMS

Check am too

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References

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  1. ↑ "UNESCO". UNESCO. Archived from the original on 25 September 2013. Retrieved 25 September 2013.
  2. ↑ "Introducing UNESCO". UNESCO. Archived from the original on 18 August 2011. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
  3. ↑ "UNESCO history". UNESCO. Archived from the original on 9 April 2010. Retrieved 23 April 2011.
  4. ↑ "List of UNESCO members and associates". UNESCO. Archived from the original on 15 August 2022. Retrieved 23 August 2022.
  5. ↑ "Partnerships". UNESCO (in English). 25 June 2013. Archived from the original on 23 August 2020. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
  6. ↑ "Field offices". UNESCO (in English). Archived from the original on 17 August 2020. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
  7. ↑ "National Commissions". UNESCO (in English). 28 September 2012. Archived from the original on 22 August 2020. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
  8. ↑ "About UNESCO Office for the Pacific States". UNESCO (in English). 1 August 2019. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  9. 1 2 Grandjean, Martin (2018). Les réseaux de la coopération intellectuelle. La Société des Nations comme actrice des échanges scientifiques et culturels dans l'entre-deux-guerres [The Networks of Intellectual Cooperation. The League of Nations as an Actor of the Scientific and Cultural Exchanges in the Inter-War Period]. Lausanne: Université de Lausanne. Archived from the original on 12 September 2018. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
  10. ↑ "UNESCO. General Conference, 39th, 2017 [892]". UNESCO Digital Library. Archived from the original on 9 April 2020. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
  11. ↑ "MOFA: Project list of The UNESCO Japanese Funds-in-Trust for the Capacity-building of Human Resources". mofa.go.jp. Retrieved 30 June 2022.
  12. ↑ "Sponsors". climats-bourgogne.com. Retrieved 30 June 2022.
  13. ↑ "Sponsors and Contributors". wcrp-climate.org. Retrieved 30 June 2022.
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  15. ↑ Grandjean, Martin (2020). "A Representative Organization? Ibero-American Networks in the Committee on Intellectual Cooperation of the League of Nations (1922–1939)". Cultural Organizations, Networks and Mediators in Contemporary Ibero-America: 65–89. doi:10.4324/9780429299407-4. S2CID 243387712. Archived from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 13 August 2020.
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  20. ↑ Unesco 1945.
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  24. ↑ "Peacekeeping in the Cold War/Post-Cold War", United Nations Peacekeeping in the Post-Cold War Era, Abingdon, UK: Taylor & Francis, pp. 23–45, 2005, doi:10.4324/9780203307434_chapter_2, ISBN 978-0-203-30743-4, archived from the original on 12 March 2021, retrieved 17 September 2020
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  27. ↑ "Apartheid: its effects on education, science, culture and information". UNESCO. 1967. Retrieved 2024-07-26.
  28. ↑ Thompson, Leonard Monteath (January 2001). A history of South Africa (Third ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-12806-2. OCLC 560542020.
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  30. 1 2 3 4 "UNESCO at 74: An overview of its laudable progress". The Financial Express. Retrieved 2024-07-26.
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  32. ↑ "Monuments of Nubia-International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia". UNESCO. Retrieved 2024-07-26.
  33. ↑ Nagaoka, Masanori (2016). Cultural landscape management at Borobudur, Indonesia. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-42046-2. OCLC 957437019.
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  37. ↑ "Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions". UNESCO. Retrieved 9 August 2024.
  38. ↑ "About CERN". CERN. Retrieved 2024-07-26.
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  41. ↑ "Use and conservation of the biosphere: Proceedings of the intergovernmental conference of experts on the scientific basis for rational use and conservation of the resources of the biosphere, Paris, 4–13 September 1968" (PDF). Natural Resources Research. X. 1970. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 April 2012. Retrieved 8 June 2012.
  42. ↑ Finnemore, Martha (1996). National Interests in International Society. Cornell University Press. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-8014-8323-3. JSTOR 10.7591/j.ctt1rv61rh. Archived from the original on 1 June 2021. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
  43. 1 2 "United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization: Seeds of Peace, Weeds of War". IRPJ = Intergovernmental Research and Policy Journal (in American English). Retrieved 2024-07-26.
  44. ↑ Wouters, Jan; Vidal, Maarten (29 June 1905). "UNESCO and the promotion of cultural exchange and cultural diversity". Normative Action in Education, Science and Culture – Essays in Commemoration of the Sixtieth Anniversary of UNESCO. Standard-Setting in UNESCO. Vol. 1. UNESCO Publishing. pp. 147–169. ISBN 978-92-3-104067-2. Retrieved 2024-07-26. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
  45. ↑ Wouters, Jan; Vidal, Maarten (29 June 1905). "UNESCO and the promotion of cultural exchange and cultural diversity". Normative Action in Education, Science and Culture – Essays in Commemoration of the Sixtieth Anniversary of UNESCO. Standard-Setting in UNESCO. Vol. 1. UNESCO Publishing. pp. 147–169. ISBN 978-92-3-104067-2. Retrieved 2024-07-26. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
  46. ↑ "International Programme for the Development of Communication – About". UNESCO. Retrieved 9 August 2024.
  47. ↑ "World Press Freedom Day". United Nations. Retrieved 2024-07-26.
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  49. ↑ "General Conference admits Palestine as UNESCO Member". 31 October 2011. Archived from the original on 14 December 2011. Retrieved 11 December 2011.
  50. ↑ Blomfield, Adrian (31 October 2011). "US withdraws Unesco funding after it accepts Palestinian membership". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 1 November 2011. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
  51. ↑ Palestine Admitted to UNESCO (in English). 2011-11-02. Retrieved 2025-06-17 – via www.unesco.org.
  52. ↑ Shadi Sakran (26 November 2019). The Legal Consequences of Limited Statehood: Palestine in Multilateral Frameworks. Taylor & Francis. pp. 64–. ISBN 978-1-00-076357-7. Archived from the original on 24 December 2021. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
  53. ↑ Request for the admission of the State of Palestine to UNESCO as a Member State Archived 13 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine, UNESCO Executive Board, 131st, 1989
  54. ↑ The laws originated; for further details, see committee discussions at: United States. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs. Subcommittee on Human Rights and International Organizations (1989). The PLO's Efforts to Obtain Statehood Status at the World Health Organization and Other International Organizations: Hearing and Markup Before the Subcommittee on Human Rights and International Organizations of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred First Congress, First Session, on H.R. 2145, May 4, 1989. U.S. Government Printing Office. Archived from the original on 19 August 2020. Retrieved 27 February 2020.. The texts of the House and Senate resolutions were subsequently put into the following laws: See also: Beattie, Kirk (3 May 2016). Congress and the Shaping of the Middle East. Seven Stories Press. p. 287 online. ISBN 978-1-60980-562-3. Archived from the original on 19 August 2020. Retrieved 27 February 2020. ...1989 Senate and House efforts like... Senate Resolution 875 and House Resolution 2145, both of which contained language similar to that found in the public laws of 1990 and 1994. Sen. Robert Kasten, Jr. (R-WI) was the primary sponsor of S 875, and Rep. Tom Lantos sponsored HR 2145. In a nutshell, recognition by any UN body of the Palestinians' right to statehood or its achievement of statehood status would trigger a suspension of US funding to the "offending" UN body under these laws.
  55. ↑ "U.S. stops UNESCO funding over Palestinian vote". Reuters. 31 October 2011. Archived from the original on 26 February 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
  56. ↑ Erlanger, Steven; Sayare, Scott (31 October 2011). "Unesco Approves Full Membership for Palestinians". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 31 October 2011. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
  57. ↑ "After UNESCO vote, Israeli sanctions on Palestinian Authority anger U.S." Haaretz. 4 November 2011. Archived from the original on 7 December 2011. Retrieved 11 December 2011.
  58. ↑ "Israel freezes UNESCO funds". CNN. 3 December 2011. Archived from the original on 6 November 2011. Retrieved 11 December 2011.
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  60. ↑ ""69 years after joining, Israel formally leaves UNESCO; so, too, does the US" – The Times of Israel". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 30 December 2019. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  61. ↑ "Russia not elected to UNESCO Executive Board for the first time". 15 November 2023.
  62. ↑ Charlton, Angela (2023-06-12). "US decides to rejoin UNESCO and pay back dues, to counter Chinese influence" (in American English). Associated Press. Retrieved 2024-09-26.
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  65. ↑ Because diploma mills have falsely claimed UNESCO accreditation, UNESCO itself has published warnings against education organizations that claim UNESCO recognition or affiliation. See Luca Lantero, Degree Mills: non-accredited and irregular higher education institutions Archived 13 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Information Centre on Academic Mobility and Equivalence (CIMEA), Italy. and UNESCO "Alert: Misuse of UNESCO Name by Bogus Institutions"
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