Jump to content

Ulama

From Wikipedia
Scholars at an Abbasid library. Maqamat of al-Hariri. Illustration by Yahyá al-Wasiti, Baghdad, 1237.

Insyd Islam, deʿulamā (US: /ˈuːləmɑː/ OO-lə-mah; dem sanso spell ulema; Arabic: علماء, romanized: ʿulamāʾ; IPA: [ʕu.la.maːʔ]; lit. 'the learned ones';[1] singular عالم,ʿālim; [ʕaː.lam]),[2] dem sanso know as Shuyukh anaa Mawlawi, be scholars den judges of Islamic doctrine den law. Dem be considered de guardians, transmitters, interpreters den legislators of religious knowledge insyd Islam.[2]

"Ulama" fi refer broadly to de educated class of such religious scholars, wey dey include theologians, canon lawyers (muftis), judges (qadis), professors, den high state religious officials. Alternatively, "ulama" fi refer specifically to those wey dey hold governmental positions insyd an Islamic state.[3]

By longstanding tradition, ulama be educated insyd religious institutions (madrasas). De Quran den sunnah (authentic hadith) be de scriptural sources of traditional Islamic law.[4]

Traditional way of education

[edit | edit source]
Ijazah (diploma of competency) insyd Arabic calligraphy, wey 'Ali Ra'if Efendi wrep insyd 1206 AH (1791 AD)

Students of Islamic doctrine no dey seek out a specific educational institution, buh rada seek to join renowned teachers.[5] By tradition, a scholar wey plete dema studies be approved by dema teacher. At de teacher ein individual discretion, dem dey give de student de permission for teaching den for de issuing of legal opinions (fatwa). De official approval be known as de ijazat at-tadris wa 'l-ifta (lit. 'license to teach and issue legal opinions').[6] Thru time, dis practice establish a chain of teachers den pupils wey cam be teachers insyd dema own time.[7]

Places of learning

[edit | edit source]
Endowment Charter (Waqfiyya) of de Hürrem Sultan Mosque, Madrasa den Imaret (soup-kitchen). AD 1556–1557 (AH 964). Museum of Turkish and Islamic Arts

De traditional place of higher education be de madrasa. De institution likely originate insyd Khurasan during de 10th century AD, den spread to oda parts of de Islamic world from de late 11th century dey go.[8] De most famous early madrasas be de Sunni Niẓāmiyya, wey de Seljuk vizir Nizam al-Mulk (1018–1092) found insyd Iran den Iraq insyd de 11th century. De Mustansiriya, wey de Abbasid caliph Al-Mustansir establish insyd Baghdad insyd 1234 AD, na e be de first to be founded by a caliph, wey e sanso be de first known to host teachers of all four major madhhab dem know at dat time. From de time of de Persian Ilkhanate (1260–1335 AD) den de Timurid dynasty (1370–1507 AD) dey go, madrasas often cam be part of an architectural complex wich sanso dey include a mosque, a Sufi ṭarīqa, den oda buildings of socio-cultural function, like baths anaa a hospital.[8]

Madrasas be considered sacred places of learning. Dem fi provide boarding den salaries to a limited number of teachers, den boarding for a number of students out of de revenue from religious endowments (waqf), dem allocate to a specific institution by de donor. Insyd later times, na dem issue de deeds of endowment insyd elaborate Islamic calligraphy, as be de case give Ottoman endowment books (vakıf-name).[9] De donor sanso fi specify de subjects to be taught, de qualification of de teachers, anaa wich madhhab de teaching for follow.[8] Moreover, de donor be free to specify in detail de curriculum, as be shown by Ahmed den Filipovic (2004) for de Ottoman imperial madrasas wey Suleiman the Magnificent found.[10]

As Berkey (1992) describe in detail for de education insyd medieval Cairo, unlike medieval Western universities, in general madrasas get no distinct curriculum, wey dem no dey issue diplomas.[5] De educational activities of de madrasas dey focus on de law, buh sanso dey include wat Zaman (2010) call "Sharia sciences" (al-ʿulūm al-naqliyya) as well as de rational sciences like philosophy, astronomy, mathematics anaa medicine. De inclusion of dese sciences sam times dey reflect de personal interests of dema donors, buh sanso dey indicate say scholars often study various different sciences.[8]

Types of titles

[edit | edit source]
  • Hafiz, dey recite Quran by heart
  • Qāriʾ, wey dey read Quran plus correct pronunciation
  • Mawlawi, wey do 12 years of Islamic studies den dey preach Salah
  • Mir, wey get all above titles, equivalent to doctorate degree
  • Mir ul Urah, who be above Mir
  • Mufti, dey issue fatwas
  • Grand Mufti, highest Mufti

References

[edit | edit source]
  1. ↑ Brown, Jonathan A.C. (2014). Misquoting Muhammad: The Challenge and Choices of Interpreting the Prophet's Legacy. Oneworld Publications. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-78074-420-9. The ulama (literally, the learned ones);
  2. 1 2 Cl. Gilliot; R.C. Repp; K.A. Nizami; M.B. Hooker; Chang-Kuan Lin; J.O. Hunwick (2012). "Ulamā". In P. Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (2 ed.). Leiden: E.J. Brill. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1278. ISBN 978-90-04-16121-4.
  3. ↑ "ʿulamāʾ (Islam)". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved October 16, 2023.
  4. ↑ Zaman, Muhammad Qasim (2007). The Ulama in Contemporary Islam: Custodians of Change. Princeton University Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-691-13070-5.
  5. 1 2 Berkey, Jonathan (1992). The transmission of knowledge in medieval Cairo: A social history of Islamic education. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 44–94. ISBN 978-0-691-63552-1. JSTOR j.ctt7zvxj4.
  6. ↑ Makdisi, George (April–June 1989). "Scholasticism and Humanism in Classical Islam and the Christian West". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 109 (2): 175–182 [175–77]. doi:10.2307/604423. JSTOR 604423.
  7. ↑ Graham, William (1993). "Traditionalism in Islam: An essay in interpretation". Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 23 (3): 495–522. doi:10.2307/206100. JSTOR 206100.
  8. 1 2 3 4 Zaman 2010, pp. 600–603.
  9. ↑ Rogers, J. M. (1995). "Religious endowments". Empire of the Sultans: Ottoman art from the collection of Nasser D. Khalili. London: Azimuth Editions/The Noor Foundation. pp. 82–91. ISBN 978-2-8306-0120-6.
  10. ↑ Ahmed, Shabab; Filipovich, Nenad (2004). "The sultan's syllabus: A curriculum for the Ottoman imperial medreses prescribed in a ferman of Qanuni I Süleyman, dated 973 (1565)". Studia Islamica. 98 (9): 183–218.
[edit | edit source]
Dem retrieve am from "https://gpe.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ulama&oldid=89657"