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Umayyad Caliphate

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Umayyad Caliphate
historical country
Year dem found am661 Edit
Native labelالدَّوْلَةُ الأُمَوِيَّةُ Edit
Religion anaa worldviewIslam Edit
Participant insydSiege of Constantinople Edit
Dem name afterUmayyad dynasty Edit
Found byMu'awiya I Edit
Position held by head of the organizationUmayyad Caliph Edit
Official languageArabic Edit
ContinentAfrica, Europe, Asia Edit
CapitalDamascus, Harran Edit
Coordinate location33°18′55″N 44°21′58″E Edit
Government ein basic formmonarchy Edit
Office held by head of stateUmayyad Caliph Edit
CurrencyUmayyad dinar, Umayyad dirham (currency unit), Umayyad fals (currency unit) Edit
Dey followRashidun Caliphate, Byzantine Empire, Kingdom of Toledo, Exarchate of Africa Edit
Followed byAbbasid Caliphate, emirate of Córdoba Edit
Dey replaceRashidun Caliphate, Exarchate of Africa, Kingdom of the Nemencha Edit
Date dem dissolve, abolish anaa demolishJuly 750 Edit
Main regulatory textQur'an, Sunnah Edit
Official religionIslam Edit
Map

De Umayyad Caliphate anaa de Umayyad Empire[1] (US: /uːˈmaɪæd/; Arabic: ٱلْخِلَافَة ٱلْأُمَوِيَّة, romanized: al-Khilāfa al-Umawiyya)[2] be de second caliphate dem establish after de death of de Islamic prophet Muhammad wey be ruled by de Umayyad dynasty from 661 to 750. E succeed de Rashidun Caliphate, of wich de third caliph, Uthman ibn Affan, sanso be a member of de Umayyad clan. De Umayyad family establish hereditary rule under Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan, de long-time governor of Greater Syria, wey cam be caliph after emerging victorious insyd de First Fitna dey follow de assassination of Ali insyd 661. Syria remain de Umayyads dema core power base thereafter, wey Damascus as dema capital. After Mu'awiya ein death insyd 680, dem challenge Umayyad authority insyd de Second Fitna, during wich dem replace de Sufyanid line insyd 684 by Marwan ibn al-Hakam, wey found de Marwanid line wey restore Umayyad rule over de Caliphate.

De Umayyads continue de early Muslim conquests, wey dem conquer de Maghreb, Transoxiana, Sindh den Hispania. At ein greatest extent, de Umayyad Caliphate cover an area of 11,100,000 km2 (4,300,000 sq mi),[3] wey dey make am one of de largest empires insyd history in terms of geographical size. De Abbasids overthrow de dynasty insyd 750. Survivors of de Umayyad dynasty establish an emirate den then a caliphate insyd al-Andalus wey ein capital at Córdoba, wich cam be a major centre of science, medicine, philosophy den invention during de Islamic Golden Age.[4][5]

De Umayyad Caliphate rule over a vast multiethnic den multicultural population. Christians, wey still constitute a majority of de caliphate ein population, den Jews be allowed to practice dema own religion in exchange for de payment of jizya (poll tax), from wich dem exempt Muslims.[6] Muslims be required to pay de zakat, wich explicitly be collected for de purposes of charity[6][7] den for de benefit of Muslims anaa Muslim converts.[8] Under de early Umayyad caliphs, Christians hold prominent positions, sam of whom belong to families wey serve under de Byzantines. De employment of Christians be part of a broader policy of religious toleration wey be necessitated by de presence of large Christian populations insyd de conquered provinces, such as insyd dema metropolitan province of Syria. Dis policy sanso help to increase Mu'awiya ein popularity den solidified Syria as ein power base.[9][10] De Umayyad era often be considered de formative period of Islamic art.[11]

List of caliphs

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Genealogical tree of de Umayyad family. In blue: Caliph Uthman, one of de four Rashidun caliphs. Insyd green, de Umayyad caliphs of Damascus. Insyd yellow, de Umayyad emirs of Córdoba. Insyd orange, de Umayyad caliphs of Córdoba. Abd Al-Rahman III be an emir til 929 wen he proclaim einself caliph. Muhammad be included (insyd caps) to show de kinship of de Umayyads plus am. Spy interactive version of chart
Caliphs of Damascus
Caliph Reign
Mu'awiya I ibn Abu Sufyan 28 July 661 – 27 April 680
Yazid I ibn Mu'awiya 27 April 680 – 11 November 683
Mu'awiya II ibn Yazid 11 November 683 – June 684
Marwan I ibn al-Hakam June 684 – 12 April 685
Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan 12 April 685 – 8 October 705
al-Walid I ibn Abd al-Malik 8 October 705 – 23 February 715
Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik 23 February 715 – 22 September 717
Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz 22 September 717 – 4 February 720
Yazid II ibn Abd al-Malik 4 February 720 – 26 January 724
Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik 26 January 724 – 6 February 743
al-Walid II ibn Yazid 6 February 743 – 17 April 744
Yazid III ibn al-Walid 17 April 744 – 4 October 744
Ibrahim ibn al-Walid 4 October 744 – 4 December 744
Marwan II ibn Muhammad (he rule from Harran insyd de Jazira) 4 December 744 – 25 January 750

References

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  1. ↑ "Umayyad". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Archived from the original on 12 May 2019. Retrieved 12 May 2019.
  2. ↑ "Umayyad dynasty". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 19 June 2015. Retrieved 19 May 2016.
  3. ↑ Taagepera, Rein (September 1997). "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia". International Studies Quarterly. 41 (3): 496. doi:10.1111/0020-8833.00053. JSTOR 2600793. Archived from the original on 19 November 2018. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
  4. ↑ Barton, Simon (30 June 2009). A History of Spain. Macmillan International Higher Education. pp. 44–5. ISBN 978-1-137-01347-7.
  5. ↑ Venable, Francis Preston (1894). A Short History of Chemistry. Heath. p. 21.
  6. 1 2 Rahman 1999, p. 128.
  7. ↑ "Islamic Economics". www.hetwebsite.net. Archived from the original on 5 November 2019. Retrieved 10 October 2018.
  8. ↑ Benthal, Jonathan (1998). "The Qur'an's Call to Alms Zakat, the Muslim Tradition of Alms-giving" (PDF). ISIM Newsletter. 98 (1): 13–12. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
  9. ↑ Cavendish, Marshall (2006). World and Its Peoples. Marshall Cavendish. p. 185. ISBN 978-0-7614-7571-2. Archived from the original on 24 March 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
  10. ↑ Haag, Michael (2012). The Tragedy of the Templars: The Rise and Fall of the Crusader States. Profile Books. ISBN 978-1-84765-854-8. Archived from the original on 24 March 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
  11. ↑ Yalman, Suzan (October 2001). "The Art of the Umayyad Period (661–750)". Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. Based on original work by Linda Komaroff. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Archived from the original on 20 September 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2020.
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