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University of al-Qarawiyyin

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University of al-Qarawiyyin
university, Moroccan public institution
Part ofMedina of Fez Edit
Year dem found am859 Edit
Native labelجَامِعَةُ القَرَوِيِّينَ Edit
Found byFatima al-Fihri Edit
CountryMorocco Edit
Edey de administrative territorial entity insydFez Edit
Coordinate location34°3′52″N 4°58′24″W Edit
Member ofAssociation of African Universities Edit
Demma headquarters locationFez Edit
Heritage designationpart of UNESCO World Heritage Site Edit
Dema official websitehttp://uaq.ma/ Edit
Web feed URLhttp://uaq.ma/index.php?format=feed&type=rss Edit
Map

De University of al-Qarawiyyin (Arabic: جامعة القرويين, romanized: Jāmiʻat al-Qarawīyīn), dem sanso wrep am Al-Karaouine anaa Al Quaraouiyine, be a university wey dey locate insyd Fez, Morocco. Na dem found am as a mosque by Fatima al-Fihri insyd 857–859 wey subsequently e cam turn one of de leading spiritual den educational centers of de Islamic Golden Age. Na dem incorporate am into Morocco ein modern state university system insyd 1963 wey dem officially rename "University of Al Quaraouiyine" two years later.[1] De mosque building einself sanso a significant complex of historical Moroccan den Islamic architecture wey dey feature elements from chaw different periods of Moroccan history.[2] Scholars dey consider al-Qarawiyyin say ebe effectively run as a madrasa til after World War II.[3][4][5][6][7] Chaw scholars distinguish dis status from de status of "university", wich dem view as a distinctly European invention.[8][9] Dem dey date al-Qarawiyyin ein transformation from a madrasa into a university to ein modern reorganization insyd 1963.[1][4][10] Na UNESCO den de Guinness World Records, cite al-Qarawiyyin as de oldest university anaa oldest continually wey dey operate higher learning institution insyd de world.[11][12]

Education for de University of al-Qarawiyyin dey concentrate for de Islamic religious den legal sciences plus a heavy emphasis on, den particular strengths insyd, Classical Arabic grammar/linguistics den Maliki Sharia, though lessons for non-Islamic subjects wey dem sanso offer to students. Dem still dey deliver teaching insyd de traditional methods.[13] De university be attended by students from all over Morocco den Muslim West Africa, plus sam sanso dey cam from further abroad. Na dem first admit women to do institution insyd de 1940s.[14]

Name

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De Arabic name of de university[15] wey dey mean "University of de People from Kairouan".[16] Factors such as de provenance of Fatima al-Fihriya ein family insyd Tunisia,[17] de presence of de letter Qāf (ق) – a voiceless uvular plosive wich get equivalent insyd European languages – de ويّي ([awijiː]) triphthong insyd de university ein name, wey na de French colonization of Morocco result insyd a number of different orthographies for de romanization of de university ein name, wey dey include al-Qarawiyyin, a standard anglicization; Al Quaraouiyine, dey follow French orthography; den Al-Karaouine, anoda rendering wey dey use French orthography.

Notable alumni

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A number of well-known philosophers, scholars, den politicians insyd de history of Morocco den de western Mediterranean either study anaa dem teach for de Qarawiyyin since ein founding.

  • Maimonides (1135/1138–1204), Jewish philosopher[18][19][20]
  • Ibn Arabi (1165–1240), Sufi philosopher[18][19]
  • Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406), historian den philosopher[18][19]
  • Leo Africanus (1494–1554), author[18]
  • Ahmed Mohammed al-Maqqari (1632-1577), historian den theologian, appointed imam den mufti by de Saadi Sultan Zaydan[21]
  • Imam al-Bannani (1727–1780), faqīh (Muslim jurist)
  • Ahmad ibn Idris (1760–1837), Moroccan Sufi scholar[22]
  • Muhammad al-Kattani (1873–1909), writer den political leader[23]
  • Abd el-Krim el-Khattabi (1882–1963), Rifian-Moroccan political den military leader[24]
  • Allal al-Fassi (1910–1974), Moroccan politician[25]
  • Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din al-Hilali (1893–1987), translator[26]
  • Abdullah al-Ghumari (1910–1993), faqīh (Muslim jurist)[27]
  • Fatima al-Kabbaj (1932–), Member of High Council of Knowledge (Islamic council) Notably, one of de first few women make dem admit am.[28]

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Lulat, Y. G.-M.: A History Of African Higher Education From Antiquity To The Present: A Critical Synthesis, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2005, ISBN 978-0-313-32061-3, pp. 154–157
  2. ↑ Terrasse, Henri (1968). La Mosquée al-Qaraouiyin à Fès; avec une étude de Gaston Deverdun sur les inscriptions historiques de la mosquée (in French). Paris: Librairie C. Klincksieck.
  3. ↑ Lulat, Y. G.-M.: A History Of African Higher Education From Antiquity To The Present: A Critical Synthesis Studies in Higher Education, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2005, ISBN 978-0-313-32061-3, p. 70:
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Belhachmi, Zakia (2008). Women, Education, and Science within the Arab-Islamic Socio-Cultural History: Legacies for Social Change (in English). Brill. p. 91. ISBN 978-90-8790-579-8. Significantly, the institutional adjustments of the madaris combined both the structure and the content of these institutions. In terms of structure, the adjustments were twofold: the reorganization of the available original madaris, and the creation of new institutions. This resulted in three different types of Islamic teaching institutions in al-Maghrib. The first type was derived from the fusion of old madaris with new universities. For example, Morocco transformed Al-Qarawiyin (859 A.D) into a university under the supervision of the ministry of education in 1963.
  5. ↑ Shillington, Kevin: Encyclopedia of African History, Vol. 2, Fitzroy Dearborn, 2005, ISBN 978-1-57958-245-6, p. 1025:
  6. ↑ Tibawi, A. L. (1980). "Review of Jami' al-Qarawiyyin: al-Masjid wa'l-Jami'ah bi Madinat Fas (Mausu'ah li-Tarikhiha al-Mi'mari wa'l-Fikri). Al Qaraouiyyine: la Mosquée-Université de Fès (histoire architecturale et intellectuelle)". Arab Studies Quarterly. 2 (3): 286–288. ISSN 0271-3519. JSTOR 41859050. there is very little to distinguish it from other institutions that go under the general description of madrasa
  7. ↑ Sabki, A'ishah Ahmad; Hardaker, Glenn (2013-08-01). "The madrasah concept of Islamic pedagogy". Educational Review. 65 (3): 343. doi:10.1080/00131911.2012.668873. ISSN 0013-1911. S2CID 144718475. Traditionalist curriculum is conventionally focused and is naturally open to diverse influences that also represent a traditional Islamic way (Nadwi 2007). For example many madrasah teachers are versed in Islamic pedagogy but also in modern university pedagogic developments such as behaviourist, cognitivist and the more recent constructivist styles. Al-Qarawiyyin University, in Morocco, represents such an institution that is grounded in a traditional madrasah education but for example, continues to adopt ancillary subjects and modern technologies such as mobile learning.
  8. ↑ Makdisi, George: "Madrasa and University in the Middle Ages", Studia Islamica, No. 32 (1970), pp. 255–264 (255f.):
  9. ↑ Verger, Jacques: "Patterns", in: Ridder-Symoens, Hilde de (ed.): A History of the University in Europe. Vol. I: Universities in the Middle Ages, Cambridge University Press, 2003, ISBN 978-0-521-54113-8, pp. 35–76 (35):
  10. ↑ Park, Thomas K.; Boum, Aomar: Historical Dictionary of Morocco, 2nd ed., Scarecrow Press, 2006, ISBN 978-0-8108-5341-6, p. 348
  11. ↑ "Oldest higher-learning institution, oldest university". Guinness World Records (in British English). Retrieved 2020-07-30.
  12. ↑ "Medina of Fez". UNESCO. Archived from the original on 6 August 2012. Retrieved 31 July 2012.
  13. ↑ Deverdun, Gaston (1957). "Une nouvelle inscription idrisite (265 H = 877 J.C.)". Mélanges d'histoire et d'archéologie de l'occident musulman – Tome II – Hommage à Georges Marçais. Imprimerie officielle du Gouvernement Général de l'Algérie. pp. 129–146.
  14. ↑ Ahmed, Sumayya (2016-05-26). "Learned women: three generations of female Islamic scholarship in Morocco". The Journal of North African Studies. 21 (3): 470–484. doi:10.1080/13629387.2016.1158110. ISSN 1362-9387. S2CID 147461138.
  15. ↑ جَامِعَةُ الْقَرَوِيِّينَ pronounced [ʒaːmiʕtu lqarawijiːn]
  16. ↑ القَيْرَوَان [alqajrawaːn]
  17. ↑ "مَوْسُوعَةُ الْجَزِيرَةِ | جَامِعَةُ الْقَرَوِيِّينَ – AJNET Encyclopedia | al-Qarawiyyin University". learning.aljazeera.net (in English). Archived from the original on 15 July 2019. Retrieved 2019-07-15.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 Bhattacharyya, Shilpa; Guha, Debjani (2016). "Scholastic Excellence of Nalanda and Nalanda Contemporary (415 A.D. – 1200 A.D.) Al-Qarawiyyin: A Comparative Evaluation". INSIGHT Journal of Applied Research in Education. 21 (1): 343–351.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Marozzi, Justin (2019). Islamic Empires: Fifteen Cities that Define a Civilization (in English). Penguin UK. ISBN 978-0-241-19905-3.
  20. ↑ Onditi, Francis; Ben-Nun, Gilad; D'Alessandro, Cristina; Levey, Zack (2019). "Antidotes to Extremism: Africa's Refugee Hospitality Paradigm". Contemporary Africa and the Foreseeable World Order (in English). Rowman & Littlefield. p. 123. ISBN 978-1-4985-9811-8.
  21. ↑ "دعوة الحق - [كتاب] نفح الطيب للمقري، نموذج فريد في التراجم العربية القديمة". www.habous.gov.ma. Retrieved 2021-05-26.
  22. ↑ Radtke, Bernd R. (2012). "Aḥmad b. Idrīs". Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill.
  23. ↑ "الموسوعة العربية | الكتاني (محمد بن عبد الكبير-)". arab-ency.com.sy. Archived from the original on 24 March 2023. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
  24. ↑ Pennell, C.R. (2004). "Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Karīm". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. XII (2nd ed.). Leiden, Netherlands: E. J. BRILL. p. 634. ISBN 90-04-13974-5.
  25. ↑ Dennerlein, Bettina (2018). "al-Fāsī family". Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill.
  26. ↑ "Dr. Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din Al-Hilali – Dar-us-Salam Publications". dar-us-salam.com. Retrieved 2020-08-24.
  27. ↑ "The Biography of Abu al_Fadl ^Abdullah bin as-Siddiq al-Ghumari". www.riadnachef.org. Retrieved 2020-08-09.
  28. ↑ Ahmed, Sumayya (2016-05-26). "Learned women: three generations of female Islamic scholarship in Morocco". The Journal of North African Studies. 21 (3): 470–484. doi:10.1080/13629387.2016.1158110. ISSN 1362-9387. S2CID 147461138.

Read further

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  • Tazi, Abdelhadi. جامع القرويين [The al-Qarawiyyin Mosque] (in Arabic).
  • Terrasse, Henri (1968). La Mosquée al-Qaraouiyin à Fès; avec une étude de Gaston Deverdun sur les inscriptions historiques de la mosquée. Paris: Librairie C. Klincksieck. (In French; mainly about architecture)
  • Le Tourneau, Roger (1949). Fès avant le protectorat: étude économique et sociale d'une ville de l'occident musulman. Casablanca: Société Marocaine de Librairie et d'Édition. (In French; contains detailed discussion of the institution's operations prior to the French colonial period; in particular, see p. 453 and after)
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