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Warfarin

From Wikipedia
warfarin
type of mixture of chemical entities
Subclass ofracemate, warfarin Edit
Has effectwarfarin exposure Edit
NIOSH Pocket Guide ID0665 Edit
Active ingredient inCoumadin, Jantoven Edit
World Health Organisation international non-proprietary namewarfarin Edit
Physically dey interact plusVitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 Edit
Route of administrationoral administration, intravenous injection Edit
Legal status (medicine)boxed warning Edit
Pregnancy categoryAustralian pregnancy category D, US pregnancy category X Edit
Get characteristicflammable solid Edit
Subject has roleanticoagulant, rodenticide, developmental toxicant, essential medicine Edit

Warfarin, dem sell under de brand name Coumadin among odas, be used as an anticoagulant medication.[1][2] E be commonly used to prevent deep vein thrombosis den pulmonary embolism, den to protect against stroke insyd people wey get atrial fibrillation, valvular heart disease, anaa artificial heart valves.[1] Warfarin sam times be prescribed dey follow a ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction den orthopedic surgery.[1] Dem usually dey take am by mouth, buh e sanso fi be administered intravenously.[1]

De common side effect, a natural consequence of reduced clotting, be bleeding.[1] Less common side effects fi include areas of tissue damage, den purple toes syndrome.[1] Ein use no be recommended during pregnancy.[1] De effects of warfarin be typically monitored by checking prothrombin time (INR) every one to four weeks.[1] Chaw oda medications den dietary factors fi interact plus warfarin, either increasing anaa decreasing ein effectiveness.[1][3] De effects of warfarin fi be reversed plus phytomenadione (vitamin K1), fresh frozen plasma, anaa prothrombin complex concentrate.[3]

Warfarin dey decrease blood clotting by blocking vitamin K epoxide reductase, an enzyme wey dey reactivate vitamin K1.[3] Widout sufficient active vitamin K1, de plasma concentrations of clotting factors II, VII, IX, den X be reduced den thus e get decreased clotting ability.[3] De anticlotting protein C den protein S sanso be inhibited, buh to a lesser degree.[3] E be wrongly described as a "vitamin K antagonist". Dis term be incorrect. Warfarin no dey antagonize de action of vitamin K1, buh rather dey antagonize vitamin K1 recycling, depleting active vitamin K1. A few days be required for full effect to occur, wey dese effects fi last for up to five days.[1][4] Secof de mechanism dey involve enzymes such as VKORC1, patients on warfarin plus polymorphisms of de enzymes fi require adjustments insyd therapy if de genetic variant wey dem get be more readily inhibited by warfarin, thus dey require lower doses.[5]

Warfarin first cam into large-scale commercial use insyd 1948 as a rat poison.[6][7] Na e be formally approved as a medication to treat blood clots insyd humans by de U.S. Food and Drug Administration insyd 1954.[1] Insyd 1955, warfarin ein reputation as a safe den acceptable treatment give coronary artery disease, arterial plaques, den ischemic strokes be bolstered wen na dem treat Presido Dwight D. Eisenhower plus warfarin dey follow a highly publicized heart attack.[8] E dey on de World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[9] Warfarin be available as a generic medication[10] wey dem dey sell am under chaw brand names.[11] Insyd 2023, na e be de 116th most commonly prescribed medication insyd de United States, plus more dan 5 million prescriptions.[12][13]

References

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  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "Warfarin sodium". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 13 October 2022. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
  2. ↑ "These highlights do not include all the information needed to use COUMADIN safely and effectively. See full prescribing information for COUMADIN. COUMADIN (warfarin sodium) tablets, for oral useInitial U.S. Approval: 1954". dailymed.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2026-05-09.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Ageno W, Gallus AS, Wittkowsky A, Crowther M, Hylek EM, Palareti G (February 2012). "Oral anticoagulant therapy: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines". Chest. 141 (2 Suppl): e44S–e88S. doi:10.1378/chest.11-2292. PMC 3278051. PMID 22315269.
  4. ↑ Arcangelo VP, Peterson AM (2006). Pharmacotherapeutics for Advanced Practice: A Practical Approach. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 774. ISBN 978-0-7817-5784-3. Archived from the original on 18 September 2017.
  5. ↑ Dasgupta A, Wahed A (2014). "Pharmacogenomics". Clinical Chemistry, Immunology and Laboratory Quality Control. pp. 353–362. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-407821-5.00020-6. ISBN 978-0-12-407821-5.
  6. ↑ Ravina E (2011). The Evolution of Drug Discovery: From Traditional Medicines to Modern Drugs. John Wiley & Sons. p. 148. ISBN 978-3-527-32669-3. Archived from the original on 18 September 2017.
  7. ↑ Lim GB (December 2017). "Milestone 2: Warfarin: from rat poison to clinical use". Nature Reviews. Cardiology. doi:10.1038/nrcardio.2017.172. PMID 29238065.
  8. ↑ Lim GB (December 2017). "Milestone 2: Warfarin: from rat poison to clinical use". Nature Reviews. Cardiology. doi:10.1038/nrcardio.2017.172. PMID 29238065.
  9. ↑ The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023). Geneva: World Health Organization. 2023. hdl:10665/371090. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02.
  10. ↑ British national formulary (69 ed.). British Medical Association. 2015. pp. 154–155. ISBN 978-0-85711-156-2.
  11. ↑ "Warfarin international brands". Drugs.com. 12 February 2023. Archived from the original on 5 April 2017.
  12. ↑ "Top 300 of 2023". ClinCalc. Archived from the original on 12 August 2025. Retrieved 12 August 2025.
  13. ↑ "Warfarin Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2013 - 2023". ClinCalc. Retrieved 18 August 2025.

Read further

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  • Warfarin in the Pesticide Properties DataBase (PPDB)
Dem retrieve am from "https://gpe.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Warfarin&oldid=97893"