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water
type of chemical entity
Subclass ofoxide, dihydrogen chalcogenide Edit
Get usenuclear reactor coolant, hydroponics, refrigerant, potential energy Edit
Name in kanaみず Edit
Studied bywater science Edit
Conjugate acidhydronium Edit
Conjugate basehydroxide ion Edit
Chemical formulaH₂O Edit
Canonical SMILESO Edit
Phase pointtriple point, critical point Edit
Safety classification and labellingRegulation (EC) No. 1272/2008, NFPA 704: Standard System for the Identification of the Hazards of Materials for Emergency Response Edit
Hashtagwater Edit
Subject has rolenatural resource, primary metabolite Edit
Unicode character💧, 🚰, 🚱 Edit
Has listQ35587366 Edit

Water be an inorganic compound plus de chemical formula H2O. E be a transparent, tasteless, odorless, den nearly colorless chemical substance. E be de main constituent of Earth ein streams, lakes, den oceans. Water sanso be de fluid of all known living organisms, insyd wich e dey act as a solvent. Water, be a polar molecule, wey dey undergo strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding wich be a large contributor to ein physical den chemical properties.[1] E be vital give all known forms of life, despite no dey provide food energy anaa e be an organic micronutrient. Secof ein presence insyd all organisms, ein chemical stability, ein worldwide abundance, den ein strong polarity relative to ein small molecular size, water often be referred to as de "universal solvent".[2]

Secof Earth ein surface temperature den pressure be relatively close to water ein triple point, water dey exist on Earth as a solid, a liquid, den a gas.[3] E dey form precipitation insyd de form of rain den aerosols insyd de form of fog. Clouds dey consist of suspended droplets of water den ice, ein solid state. Wen finely divided, crystalline ice fi precipitate insyd de form of snow. De gaseous state of water be steam anaa water vapor.

Water dey cover about 71% of de Earth ein surface, plus seas den oceans wey dey make up chaw of de water volume (about 96.5%).[4] Small portions of water dey occur as groundwater (1.7%), insyd de glaciers den de ice caps of Antarctica den Greenland (1.7%), den insyd de air as vapor, clouds (wey dey consist of ice den liquid water dem suspend insyd air), den precipitation (0.001%).[5][6] Water dey move continually thru de water cycle of evaporation, transpiration (evapotranspiration), condensation, precipitation, den runoff, usually dey reach de sea.

Water dey play an important role insyd de world economy. Approximately 70% of de fresh water wey humans use dey go to agriculture.[7] Fishing insyd salt den fresh water bodies be, den dey continue to be, a major source of chow give chaw parts of de world, wey dey provide 6.5% of global protein.[8] Much of de long-distance trade of commodities (such as oil, natural gas, den manufactured products) be transported by boats thru seas, rivers, lakes, den canals. Large quantities of water, ice, den steam be used for cooling den heating insyd industry den homes. Water be an excellent solvent give a wide variety of substances, both mineral den organic; as such, e be widely used insyd industrial processes den insyd cooking den washing. Water, ice, den snow sanso be central to chaw sports den oda forms of entertainment, such as swimming, pleasure boating, boat racing, surfing, sport fishing, diving, ice skating, snowboarding, den skiing.

Etymology

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De word water dey cam from Old English wæter, from Proto-Germanic *watar (source sanso of Old Saxon watar, Old Frisian wetir, Dutch water, Old High German wazzar, German Wasser, vatn, Gothic 𐍅𐌰𐍄𐍉 (wato)), from Proto-Indo-European *wod-or, suffixed form of root *wed- ('water'; 'wet').[9] Also cognate, thru de Indo-European root, with Greek ύδωρ ((ýdor; from Ancient Greek ὕδωρ (hýdōr), whence English 'hydro-'), Russian вода́ (vodá), Irish uisce, den Albanian ujë.

Distribution insyd nature

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Insyd de universe

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Water vapor

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Water be present as vapor insyd:

  • Atmosphere of de Sun: insyd detectable trace amounts[10]
  • Atmosphere of Mercury: 3.4%, den large amounts of water insyd Mercury ein exosphere[11]
  • Atmosphere of Venus: 0.002%[12]
  • Earth ein atmosphere: ≈0.40% over full atmosphere, typically 1–4% at surface
  • Atmosphere of de Moon: insyd trace amounts[13]
  • Atmosphere of Mars: 0.03%[14]
  • Atmosphere of Ceres[15]
  • Atmosphere of Jupiter: 0.0004%[16] – insyd ices per; den dat of ein moon Europa[17]
  • Atmosphere of Saturn – insyd ices per; Enceladus: 91%[18] den Dione (subsurface ocean)[19]
  • Atmosphere of Uranus – insyd trace amounts below 50 bar
  • Atmosphere of Neptune – dem find insyd de deeper layers[20]
  • Extrasolar planet atmospheres: wey dey include those of HD 189733 b[21] den HD 209458 b,[22] Tau Boötis b,[23] HAT-P-11b,[24][25] XO-1b, WASP-12b, WASP-17b, den WASP-19b.[26]
  • Stellar atmospheres: no be limited to cooler stars den even detected insyd giant hot stars such as Betelgeuse, Mu Cephei, Antares den Arcturus.[25][27]
  • Circumstellar disks: wey dey include those of more dan half of T Tauri stars such as AA Tauri[25] as well as TW Hydrae,[28][29] IRC +10216[30] den APM 08279+5255,[31][32] VY Canis Majoris den S Persei.[27]

Water ice

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Water be present as ice on:

  • Mars: under een regolith den at de poles.[33][34]
  • Earth–Moon system: mainly as ice sheets on Earth den insyd Lunar craters den volcanic rocks[35][36]
  • Ceres[37][38][39]
  • Jupiter's moons: Europa ein surface den sanso dat of Ganymede[40] den Callisto[41][42]
  • Saturn: insyd de planet ein ring system[43] den on de surface den mantle of Titan[44] den Enceladus[45]
  • Pluto–Charon system[43]
  • Comets[46][47] den oda related Kuiper belt den Oort cloud objects[48]

Den sanso likely be present on:


References

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  1. ↑ "Water Q&A: Why is water the "universal solvent"?". Water Science School. United States Geological Survey, U.S. Department of the Interior. 20 June 2019. Archived from the original on 6 February 2021. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
  2. ↑ "4.1: Water, the Universal Solvent". Chemistry LibreTexts (in English). 2017-08-09. Retrieved 2026-01-14.
  3. ↑ Butler, John. "The Earth – Introduction – Weathering". University of Houston. Archived from the original on 30 January 2023. Retrieved 30 January 2023. Note that the Earth environment is close to the triple point and that water, steam and ice can all exist at the surface.
  4. ↑ "How Much Water is There on Earth?". Water Science School. United States Geological Survey, U.S. Department of the Interior. 13 November 2019. Archived from the original on 9 June 2022. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
  5. ↑ Gleick, P.H., ed. (1993). Water in Crisis: A Guide to the World's Freshwater Resources. Oxford University Press. p. 13, Table 2.1 "Water reserves on the earth". Archived from the original on 8 April 2013.
  6. ↑ Water Vapor in the Climate System Archived 20 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Special Report, [AGU], December 1995 (linked 4/2007). Vital Water Archived 20 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine UNEP.
  7. ↑ Baroni, L.; Cenci, L.; Tettamanti, M.; Berati, M. (2007). "Evaluating the environmental impact of various dietary patterns combined with different food production systems". European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 61 (2): 279–286. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602522. ISSN 0954-3007. PMID 17035955.
  8. ↑ Troell, Max; Naylor, Rosamond L.; Metian, Marc; Beveridge, Malcolm; Tyedmers, Peter H.; Folke, Carl; Arrow, Kenneth J.; Barrett, Scott; Crépin, Anne-Sophie; Ehrlich, Paul R.; Gren, Åsa (16 September 2014). "Does aquaculture add resilience to the global food system?". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (in English). 111 (37): 13257–13263. Bibcode:2014PNAS..11113257T. doi:10.1073/pnas.1404067111. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 4169979. PMID 25136111.
  9. ↑ "Water (v.)". www.etymonline.com. Online Etymology Dictionary. Archived from the original on 2 August 2017. Retrieved 20 May 2017.
  10. ↑ Solanki, S.K.; Livingston, W.; Ayres, T. (1994). "New Light on the Heart of Darkness of the Solar Chromosphere" (PDF). Science. 263 (5143): 64–66. Bibcode:1994Sci...263...64S. doi:10.1126/science.263.5143.64. PMID 17748350. S2CID 27696504. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 March 2019.
  11. ↑ "MESSENGER Scientists 'Astonished' to Find Water in Mercury's Thin Atmosphere". Planetary Society. 3 July 2008. Archived from the original on 6 April 2010. Retrieved 5 July 2008.
  12. ↑ Bertaux, Jean-Loup; Vandaele, Ann-Carine; Korablev, Oleg; Villard, E.; Fedorova, A.; Fussen, D.; Quémerais, E.; Belyaev, D.; Mahieux, A. (2007). "A warm layer in Venus' cryosphere and high-altitude measurements of HF, HCl, H2O and HDO" (PDF). Nature. 450 (7170): 646–649. Bibcode:2007Natur.450..646B. doi:10.1038/nature05974. hdl:2268/29200. PMID 18046397. S2CID 4421875. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 September 2022. Retrieved 8 October 2022.
  13. ↑ Sridharan, R.; Ahmed, S.M.; Dasa, Tirtha Pratim; Sreelathaa, P.; Pradeepkumara, P.; Naika, Neha; Supriya, Gogulapati (2010). "'Direct' evidence for water (H2O) in the sunlit lunar ambience from CHACE on MIP of Chandrayaan I". Planetary and Space Science. 58 (6): 947. Bibcode:2010P&SS...58..947S. doi:10.1016/j.pss.2010.02.013.
  14. ↑ Rapp, Donald (2012). Use of Extraterrestrial Resources for Human Space Missions to Moon or Mars. Springer. p. 78. ISBN 978-3-642-32762-9. Archived from the original on 15 July 2016. Retrieved 9 February 2016.
  15. ↑ Küppers, M.; O'Rourke, L.; Bockelée-Morvan, D.; Zakharov, V.; Lee, S.; Von Allmen, P.; Carry, B.; Teyssier, D.; Marston, A.; Müller, T.; Crovisier, J.; Barucci, M.A.; Moreno, R. (23 January 2014). "Localized sources of water vapour on the dwarf planet (1) Ceres". Nature. 505 (7484): 525–527. Bibcode:2014Natur.505..525K. doi:10.1038/nature12918. PMID 24451541. S2CID 4448395.
  16. ↑ Atreya, Sushil K.; Wong, Ah-San (2005). "Coupled Clouds and Chemistry of the Giant Planets – A Case for Multiprobes" (PDF). Space Science Reviews. 116 (1–2): 121–136. Bibcode:2005SSRv..116..121A. doi:10.1007/s11214-005-1951-5. hdl:2027.42/43766. S2CID 31037195. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 1 April 2014.
  17. ↑ Cook, Jia-Rui C.; Gutro, Rob; Brown, Dwayne; Harrington, J.D.; Fohn, Joe (12 December 2013). "Hubble Sees Evidence of Water Vapor at Jupiter Moon". NASA. Archived from the original on 15 December 2013. Retrieved 12 December 2013.
  18. ↑ Hansen; C.J.; Stewart, AI; Colwell, J; Hendrix, A; Pryor, W; Shemansky, D; West, R (2006). "Enceladus' Water Vapor Plume" (PDF). Science. 311 (5766): 1422–1425. Bibcode:2006Sci...311.1422H. doi:10.1126/science.1121254. PMID 16527971. S2CID 2954801. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 February 2020.
  19. ↑ Sanchez-Maes, Sophia (January 11, 2017). "Solid Evidence for Liquid Water on Dione". Yale Scientific Magazine. Retrieved 2025-09-01.
  20. ↑ Hubbard, W.B. (1997). "Neptune's Deep Chemistry". Science. 275 (5304): 1279–1280. doi:10.1126/science.275.5304.1279. PMID 9064785. S2CID 36248590.
  21. ↑ Water Found on Distant Planet Archived 16 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine 12 July 2007 By Laura Blue, Time
  22. ↑ Water Found in Extrasolar Planet's Atmosphere Archived 30 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine – Space.com
  23. ↑ Lockwood, Alexandra C; Johnson, John A; Bender, Chad F; Carr, John S; Barman, Travis; Richert, Alexander J.W.; Blake, Geoffrey A (2014). "Near-IR Direct Detection of Water Vapor in Tau Boo B". The Astrophysical Journal. 783 (2): L29. arXiv:1402.0846. Bibcode:2014ApJ...783L..29L. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/783/2/L29. S2CID 8463125.
  24. ↑ Clavin, Whitney; Chou, Felicia; Weaver, Donna; Villard; Johnson, Michele (24 September 2014). "NASA Telescopes Find Clear Skies and Water Vapor on Exoplanet". NASA. Archived from the original on 14 January 2017. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  25. 1 2 3 Arnold Hanslmeier (2010). Water in the Universe. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 159–. ISBN 978-90-481-9984-6. Archived from the original on 15 July 2016. Retrieved 9 February 2016.
  26. ↑ "Hubble Traces Subtle Signals of Water on Hazy Worlds". NASA. 3 December 2013. Archived from the original on 6 December 2013. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
  27. 1 2 Andersson, Jonas (June 2012). Water in stellar atmospheres "Is a novel picture required to explain the atmospheric behavior of water in red giant stars?" Archived 13 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine Lund Observatory, Lund University, Sweden
  28. ↑ Herschel Finds Oceans of Water in Disk of Nearby Star Archived 19 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Nasa.gov (20 October 2011). Retrieved on 28 September 2015.
  29. ↑ "JPL". NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). Archived from the original on 4 June 2012.
  30. ↑ Lloyd, Robin. "Water Vapor, Possible Comets, Found Orbiting Star", 11 July 2001, Space.com. Retrieved 15 December 2006. Archived 23 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  31. ↑ Clavin, Whitney; Buis, Alan (22 July 2011). "Astronomers Find Largest, Most Distant Reservoir of Water". NASA. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 25 July 2011.
  32. ↑ Staff (22 July 2011). "Astronomers Find Largest, Oldest Mass of Water in Universe". Space.com. Archived from the original on 29 October 2011. Retrieved 23 July 2011.
  33. ↑ Carr, M.H. (1996). Water on Mars. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 197.
  34. ↑ Bibring, J.-P.; Langevin, Yves; Poulet, François; Gendrin, Aline; Gondet, Brigitte; Berthé, Michel; Soufflot, Alain; Drossart, Pierre; Combes, Michel; Bellucci, Giancarlo; Moroz, Vassili; Mangold, Nicolas; Schmitt, Bernard; Omega Team, the; Erard, S.; Forni, O.; Manaud, N.; Poulleau, G.; Encrenaz, T.; Fouchet, T.; Melchiorri, R.; Altieri, F.; Formisano, V.; Bonello, G.; Fonti, S.; Capaccioni, F.; Cerroni, P.; Coradini, A.; Kottsov, V.; Ignatiev, N. (2004). "Perennial Water Ice Identified in the South Polar Cap of Mars" (PDF). Nature. 428 (6983): 627–630. Bibcode:2004Natur.428..627B. doi:10.1038/nature02461. PMID 15024393. S2CID 4373206.
  35. ↑ Versteckt in Glasperlen: Auf dem Mond gibt es Wasser – Wissenschaft – Archived 10 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine Der Spiegel – Nachrichten
  36. ↑ Water Molecules Found on the Moon Archived 27 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine, NASA, 24 September 2009
  37. ↑ McCord, T.B.; Sotin, C. (21 May 2005). "Ceres: Evolution and current state" (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets. 110 (E5): E05009. Bibcode:2005JGRE..110.5009M. doi:10.1029/2004JE002244. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 July 2021. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
  38. ↑ Thomas, P.C.; Parker, J.Wm.; McFadden, L.A. (2005). "Differentiation of the asteroid Ceres as revealed by its shape". Nature. 437 (7056): 224–226. Bibcode:2005Natur.437..224T. doi:10.1038/nature03938. PMID 16148926. S2CID 17758979.
  39. ↑ Carey, Bjorn (7 September 2005). "Largest Asteroid Might Contain More Fresh Water than Earth". SPACE.com. Archived from the original on 18 December 2010. Retrieved 16 August 2006.
  40. ↑ Chang, Kenneth (12 March 2015). "Suddenly, It Seems, Water Is Everywhere in Solar System". New York Times. Archived from the original on 12 August 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
  41. ↑ Kuskov, O.L.; Kronrod, V.A. (2005). "Internal structure of Europa and Callisto". Icarus. 177 (2): 550–369. Bibcode:2005Icar..177..550K. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2005.04.014.
  42. ↑ Showman, A. P.; Malhotra, R. (1 October 1999). "The Galilean Satellites" (PDF). Science. 286 (5437): 77–84. Bibcode:1999Sci...286...77S. doi:10.1126/science.286.5437.77. PMID 10506564. S2CID 9492520. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 April 2020.
  43. 1 2 Sparrow, Giles (2006). The Solar System. Thunder Bay Press. ISBN 978-1-59223-579-7.
  44. ↑ Tobie, G.; Grasset, Olivier; Lunine, Jonathan I.; Mocquet, Antoine; Sotin, Christophe (2005). "Titan's internal structure inferred from a coupled thermal-orbital model". Icarus. 175 (2): 496–502. Bibcode:2005Icar..175..496T. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2004.12.007.
  45. ↑ Verbiscer, A.; French, R.; Showalter, M.; Helfenstein, P. (9 February 2007). "Enceladus: Cosmic Graffiti Artist Caught in the Act". Science. 315 (5813): 815. Bibcode:2007Sci...315..815V. doi:10.1126/science.1134681. PMID 17289992. S2CID 21932253. (supporting online material, table S1)
  46. ↑ Greenberg, J. Mayo (1998). "Making a comet nucleus". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 330: 375. Bibcode:1998A&A...330..375G.
  47. ↑ "Dirty Snowballs in Space". Starryskies. Archived from the original on 29 January 2013. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
  48. ↑ E.L. Gibb; M.J. Mumma; N. Dello Russo; M.A. DiSanti; K. Magee-Sauer (2003). "Methane in Oort Cloud comets". Icarus. 165 (2): 391–406. Bibcode:2003Icar..165..391G. doi:10.1016/S0019-1035(03)00201-X.
  49. ↑ NASA, "MESSENGER Finds New Evidence for Water Ice at Mercury's Poles Archived 30 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine", NASA, 29 November 2012.
  50. ↑ Thomas, P.C.; Burns, J.A.; Helfenstein, P.; Squyres, S.; Veverka, J.; Porco, C.; Turtle, E.P.; McEwen, A.; Denk, T.; Giesef, B.; Roatschf, T.; Johnsong, T.V.; Jacobsong, R.A. (October 2007). "Shapes of the saturnian icy satellites and their significance" (PDF). Icarus. 190 (2): 573–584. Bibcode:2007Icar..190..573T. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2007.03.012. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 15 December 2011.
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