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Yellow fever

From Wikipedia
yellow fever
infectious disease, endemic disease, signs den symptoms, class of disease
Has causeyellow fever virus Edit
Health specialtyinfectious diseases Edit
Disease transmission processmosquito borne transmission Edit
Has natural reservoirSabethes, Haemagogus spegazzinii, Aedes aegypti Edit
ICD-9-CM060.9, 060 Edit
ICPC 2 IDA77 Edit
NCI Thesaurus IDC35547 Edit

Yellow fever be a viral disease of typically short duration.[1] Insyd chaw cases, symptoms dey include fever, chills, loss of appetite, nausea, muscle pains—particularly insyd de back—den headaches.[1] Symptoms typically dey improve within five days.[1] Insyd about 15% of people, within a day of improving de fever dey recur, abdominal pain dey occur den liver damage dey begin, wey dey cause yellow skin.[1][2] If dis dey occur, de risk of bleeding den kidney problems dey increase.[1][3]

De disease be caused by de yellow fever virus wey e be spread by de bite of an infected mosquito.[1][4] E dey infect humans, oda primates,[5] den chaw types of mosquitoes.[1] Insyd cities, e be spread primarily by Aedes aegypti, a type of mosquito dem find thru out de tropics den subtropics.[1] De virus be an RNA virus of de genus Orthoflavivirus, plus a full scientific name Orthoflavivirus flavi.[6] De disease fi be difficult to tell apart from oda illnesses, especially insyd de early stages.[1] To confirm a suspected case, dem dey require blood-sample testing plus a polymerase chain reaction.[7]

A safe den effective vaccine against yellow fever dey exist, wey sam countries dey require vaccinations for travelers.[1] Oda efforts to prevent infection dey include reducing de population of de transmitting mosquitoes.[1] Insyd areas wer yellow fever be common, early diagnosis of cases den immunization of large parts of de population be important to prevent outbreaks.[1] Once a person be infected, management be symptomatic; no specific measures be effective against de virus.[1] Death dey occur insyd up to half of those wey get severe disease.[1][8]

Insyd 2013, na dem estimate yellow fever e cause 130,000 severe infections den 78,000 deaths insyd Africa.[1][9] Approximately 90 percent of an estimated 200,000 cases of yellow fever per year dey occur insyd Africa.[10] Nearly a billion people dey live insyd an area of de world wer de disease be common.[1] E be common insyd tropical areas of de continents of South America den Africa,[11] buh no be insyd Asia.[1][12] Since de 1980s, de number of cases of yellow fever dey increase.[1][13] Dem dey believe dis be secof na fewer people be immune, more people dey live insyd cities, people dey move frequently, den changing climate dey increase de habitat for mosquitoes.[1]

De disease originate insyd Africa wey e spread to de Americas starting insyd de 17th century plus de European trafficking of enslaved Africans from sub-Saharan Africa.[14][15] Since de 17th century, na chaw major outbreaks of de disease occur insyd de Americas, Africa, den Europe.[14] Insyd de 18th den 19th centuries, na dem consider yellow fever one of de most dangerous infectious diseases; na chaw epidemics sweep thru major cities of de US den insyd oda parts of de world.[14]

Insyd 1927, de yellow fever virus cam be de first human virus to be isolated.[16][17]

References

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  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 "Yellow fever Fact sheet N°100". World Health Organization. May 2013. Archived from the original on 19 February 2014. Retrieved 23 February 2014.
  2. ↑ Scully C (2014). Scully's Medical Problems in Dentistry (in English). Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 572. ISBN 978-0-7020-5963-6.
  3. ↑ "Yellow fever". World Health Organization (in English). Retrieved 2022-04-30.
  4. ↑ "Yellow fever - Symptoms and causes". Mayo Clinic (in English). Archived from the original on Apr 24, 2022. Retrieved 2022-04-27.
  5. ↑ Goes de Jesus, Jaqueline; Gräf, Tiago; Giovanetti, Marta; Mares-Guia, Maria Angélica; Xavier, Joilson; Lima Maia, Maricelia; Fonseca, Vagner; Fabri, Allison; dos Santos, Roberto Fonseca; Mota Pereira, Felicidade; Ferraz Oliveira Santos, Leandro (2020-08-11). "Yellow fever transmission in non-human primates, Bahia, Northeastern Brazil". PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 14 (8) e0008405. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0008405. PMC 7418952. PMID 32780745.
  6. ↑ Postler, Thomas S.; Beer, Martin; Blitvich, Bradley J.; Bukh, Jens; de Lamballerie, Xavier; Drexler, J. Felix; Imrie, Allison; Kapoor, Amit; Karganova, Galina G.; Lemey, Philippe; Lohmann, Volker; Simmonds, Peter; Smith, Donald B.; Stapleton, Jack T.; Kuhn, Jens H. (2023). "Renaming of the genus Flavivirus to Orthoflavivirus and extension of binomial species names within the family Flaviviridae". Archives of Virology (in English). 168 (9). doi:10.1007/s00705-023-05835-1. PMID 37561168.
  7. ↑ Tolle MA (April 2009). "Mosquito-borne diseases". Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care. 39 (4): 97–140. doi:10.1016/j.cppeds.2009.01.001. PMID 19327647.
  8. ↑ "Frequently Asked Questions About Yellow Fever". CDC. August 21, 2015. Archived from the original on 23 March 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
  9. ↑ Garske, Tini; Van Kerkhove, Maria D.; Yactayo, Sergio; Ronveaux, Olivier; Lewis, Rosamund F.; Staples, J. Erin; Perea, William; Ferguson, Neil M. (2014). "Yellow Fever in Africa: estimating the burden of disease and impact of mass vaccination from outbreak and serological data". PLoS medicine. 11 (5): e1001638. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001638. ISSN 1549-1676. PMC 4011853. PMID 24800812 – via Yellow Fever Expert Committee.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  10. ↑ Barnett, Elizabeth D. (2007). "Yellow Fever: Epidemiology and Prevention". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 44 (6): 850–856. doi:10.1086/511869. PMID 17304460.
  11. ↑ Lataillade, Lucy de Guilhem de; Vazeille, Marie; Obadia, Thomas; Madec, Yoann; Mousson, Laurence; Kamgang, Basile; Chen, Chun-Hong; Failloux, Anna-Bella; Yen, Pei-Shi (16 November 2020). "Risk of yellow fever virus transmission in the Asia-Pacific region". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 5801. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.5801L. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19625-9. PMC 7669885. PMID 33199712.
  12. ↑ "CDC Yellow Fever". Archived from the original on 2012-12-21. Retrieved 2012-12-12.
  13. ↑ Barrett AD, Higgs S (2007). "Yellow fever: a disease that has yet to be conquered". Annual Review of Entomology. 52: 209–229. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.52.110405.091454. PMID 16913829.
  14. 1 2 3 Oldstone, Michael B. A. (2020). "Yellow Fever". Viruses, Plagues, and History. pp. 89–122. doi:10.1093/oso/9780190056780.003.0005. ISBN 978-0-19-005678-0.
  15. ↑ "History of Yellow Fever in the U.S." ASM.org (in English). Retrieved 2022-04-27.
  16. ↑ Lindenbach BD, Rice CM (2007). "Flaviviridae: The Viruses and Their Replication". In Knipe DM, Howley PM (eds.). Fields Virology (5th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 1101. ISBN 978-0-7817-6060-7.
  17. ↑ Sfakianos J, Hecht A (2009). Babcock H (ed.). West Nile Virus (Curriculum-based juvenile nonfiction). Deadly Diseases & Epidemics. Foreword by David Heymann (2nd ed.). New York: Chelsea House. p. 17. ISBN 978-1-60413-254-0. The yellow fever virus was isolated in 1927
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