Zolpidem
| Subclass of | pyridine  |
|---|---|
| Get use | Medication |
| Chemical formula | C₁₉H₂₁N₃O |
| Canonical SMILES | CC1=CC=C(C=C1)C2=C(N3C=C(C=CC3=N2)C)CC(=O)N(C)C |
| Active ingredient in | Intermezzo, Zolpimist, Ambien |
| World Health Organisation international non-proprietary name | zolpidem |
| Medical condition treated | sleep disorder, substance abuse, anxiety, insomnia, sleep-wake disorder |
| Physically dey interact plus | Gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunit alpha1, Gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunit alpha2, Gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunit alpha3, Gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunit beta1, Gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunit gamma2 |
| Pregnancy category | Australian pregnancy category B3, US pregnancy category C |
| LiverTox likelihood score | LiverTox toxicity likelihood category E |
| Subject has role | GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators, hypnotics and sedatives, GABA-A receptor agonist, hypnotic |
Zolpidem, dem sell under de brand name Ambien among odas, be a medication dem primarily use for de short-term treatment of sleeping problems.[1][2] Guidelines dey recommend say dem dey use am only after cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia den after behavioral changes na dem try, such as sleep hygiene.[3][4][5] E dey decrease de time to sleep onset by about fifteen minutes den at larger doses dey help people stay asleep longer.[6] Dem dey take am by mouth wey e be available as conventional tablets, extended-release tablets, anaa sublingual tablets.[1]
Common side effects dey include daytime sleepiness, headache, nausea, den diarrhea.[1] More severe side effects dey include memory problems den hallucinations.[6] While flumazenil, a GABAA receptor antagonist, fi reverse zolpidem ein effects, usually supportive care be all wey be recommended in overdose.[7]
Zolpidem be a nonbenzodiazepine, anaa Z-drug, wich dey act as a sedative den hypnotic[1][7] as a positive allosteric modulator at de GABAA receptor. E be an imidazopyridine den dey increase GABA effects insyd de central nervous system by e dey bind to GABAA receptors at de same location as benzodiazepines.[1] E generally get a half-life of two to three hours.[1] Dis, however, be increased insyd those plus liver problems.[1]
Na dem approve zolpidem for medical use insyd de United States insyd 1992.[1][8] Na e cam be available as a generic medication insyd 2007.[9] Zolpidem be a schedule IV controlled substance insyd de US under de Controlled Substances Act of 1970 (CSA).[6][10][11] Insyd 2023, na e be de 54th most commonly prescribed medication insyd de United States, plus more dan 11 million prescriptions.[12][13]
References
[edit | edit source]- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Zolpidem (Monograph)". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 27 April 2023. Archived from the original on 16 March 2018. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
- ↑ "Stilnoct 10mg Film-Coated Tablets - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)". UK Electronic Medicines Compendium. 21 May 2018. Archived from the original on 20 August 2018. Retrieved 19 August 2018.
- ↑ "Guidance on the use of zaleplon, zolpidem and zopiclone for the short-term management of insomnia". NICE. 28 April 2004. Archived from the original on 20 August 2018. Retrieved 19 August 2018.
- ↑ Riemann D, Baglioni C, Bassetti C, Bjorvatn B, Dolenc Groselj L, Ellis JG, Espie CA, Garcia-Borreguero D, Gjerstad M, Gonçalves M, Hertenstein E, Jansson-Fröjmark M, Jennum PJ, Leger D, Nissen C, Parrino L, Paunio T, Pevernagie D, Verbraecken J, Weeß HG, Wichniak A, Zavalko I, Arnardottir ES, Deleanu OC, Strazisar B, Zoetmulder M, Spiegelhalder K (December 2017). "European guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of insomnia". Journal of Sleep Research. 26 (6): 675–700. doi:10.1111/jsr.12594. PMID 28875581.
- ↑ Qaseem A, Kansagara D, Forciea MA, Cooke M, Denberg TD (July 2016). "Management of Chronic Insomnia Disorder in Adults: A Clinical Practice Guideline From the American College of Physicians". Annals of Internal Medicine. 165 (2): 125–33. doi:10.7326/M15-2175. PMID 27136449.
- 1 2 3 Matheson E, Hainer BL (July 2017). "Insomnia: Pharmacologic Therapy". American Family Physician. 96 (1): 29–35. PMID 28671376. Archived from the original on 19 August 2018. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
- 1 2 Gunja N (June 2013). "The clinical and forensic toxicology of Z-drugs". Journal of Medical Toxicology. 9 (2): 155–62. doi:10.1007/s13181-013-0292-0. PMC 3657020. PMID 23404347.
- ↑ "Drug Approval Package: Ambien (Zolpidem Tartrate) NDA 19908". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 24 December 1999. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
- ↑ "FDA Approves First Generic Versions of Ambien (Zolpidem Tartrate) for the Treatment of Insomnia". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (Press release). Archived from the original on 6 March 2010. Retrieved 24 January 2010.
- ↑ "DailyMed - AMBIEN- zolpidem tartrate tablet, film coated". dailymed.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2025-11-19.
- ↑ "Drug Scheduling". U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). Archived from the original on 8 April 2024. Retrieved 24 December 2024.
- ↑ "Top 300 of 2023". ClinCalc. Archived from the original on 12 August 2025. Retrieved 12 August 2025.
- ↑ "Zolpidem Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2014 - 2023". ClinCalc. Retrieved 17 August 2025.
External links
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