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Gadaa

From Wikipedia
Gadaa
Democracy
Country of originEthiopia Edit
Intangible cultural heritage statusRepresentative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity Edit
Described at URLhttps://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/01164, https://ich.unesco.org/fr/RL/01164, https://ich.unesco.org/es/RL/01164 Edit

Gadaa[1] (Oromo: Gadaa; literally: era) be de indigenous democratic system of governance de Oromos for Ethiopia den northern Kenya dey use.[1] De Konso den Gedeo people of southern Ethiopia sanso dey practice am. De system dey regulate political, economic, social den religious activities of de community.[2][3][4]

Under Gadaa, every eight years, de Oromo go choose by consensus nine leaders dem know as Salgan ya’ii Borana (de nine Borana assemblies).[5][6] Leader dem elect by de gadaa system dey remain for power insyd for 8 years per, plus election dey take place for de end of those 8 years.[7][8][9] Weneva Abbaa Gadaa die while dey exercise ein functions, de bokkuu (de symbol of power) dey pass to ein wife wey she dey keep de bokkuu den proclaim de laws.[10]

UNESCO inscribe de Gada system as Intangible Cultural Heritage since 2016.[11] Ebe de brainchild of Oromo from de Madda Walabu district of Oromia.[12][13] Oromo people regard de system as dema common heritage den as major part of dema cultural identity.[14] Ebe de system plus na wey de Oromo people dey govern dema body insyd democratic way for centuries.[15][16]

De Oromo govern dema body in accordance plus de Gadaa system long before de 16th century, wen major three party wars commence between dem den de Ethiopian Empire go dema north den Adal Sultanate go dema east den south. Na de result be say Oromo absorb de Christian den Islam religions. Na de Borana den Guji groups wey dey near de Ethiopian-Kenyan border dey practice Gadaa widout interruption. For de state of Oromia under de Federal system of Ethiopia insyd, de Gadaa system start renaissance across Oromia. For 2015 insyd, na dem inaugurate de Gadaa Center for Odaa Bultum insyd wey for 2018 insyd, dem reinstall de Gadaa Center for Odaa Hullee after two centuries of interruption.[17][18] Insyd 2019, Bule Hora University launch master's degree program insyd Gadaa studies.[19]

Characteristics

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Luba

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Na dem structure de Gadaa society go peer groups dem base for chronological age anaa genealogical generation dem bell Luba. Each luba dey consist of all de sons for anoda particular class insyd. De entire grade dey progress thru eleven different grades, each base for eight-year cycle, wey each plus ein own set of rights den responsibilities.[20]

Gadaa Grades[21]
Daballe Junior Gaammee Foollee Kuusaa Raabaa Doorii Gadaa Yuuba I Yuuba II & III Gadaamoojjii Jaarsa
Age 0-8 9-16 17-24 25-32 33-40 41-48 49-56 57-64 & 65-72 73-80 >80
Characters No responsibility Student Military trainee Military Warrior Leader Advisor Repositories of law Conducts Rites No responsibility

De grade dey pass from one stage of development go de next every eight years.

Baallii

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Baallii be process of transferring power from one Gadaa party go de next.

Gadaa Party (Gogeessa Gadaa)

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Five Gadaa parties dey wey dem know as shanan Gadaa Oromoo. Dese parties dey follow de five world views of de Oromo people. De five Gadaa parties orderly dey cam to power. Party dey cam to power once every forty years. Hence, der no go be direct competition among de five Gadaa parties, rada de competition go be among individuals for party insyd. De five Gadaa parties get different names among Boorana, Maccaa-Tuulama, Arsii, Gujii den Ituu-Humbannaa.[22][23]

Gadaa Parties
Boorana Maccaa-Tuulama Arsii Gujii Ituu-Humbannaa
Meelba / Harmufaa Birmajii Birmajii Harmufa Horata
Muudana / Roobalee Michilee / Muudana Roobalee Roobalee Dibbaaqa
Kiilolee / Birmajii Duuloo / Halchiisa Bahara Muudana Dibbeessa
Biifolee / Muldhata Meelbaa / Hambissaa Horata Halchiisa Fadata
Michilee / Duuloo Roobalee Daraara

Research

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Number of scholars study Gadaa. Legesse[24] rep say Gadaa be "one of the most astonishing and instructive turns the evolution of human society has taken". In addition for ein Harvard PhD dissertation, Legesse publish book[25] wey dey position Gadaa as African democracy wey fi inform constitutional thinkers. De late Donald Levine claim say[26] Gadaa be "one of the most complex systems of social organization ever devised by the human imagination". For Jalata, Gadaa dey represent "the totality of Oromo civilization".

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Gada system, an indigenous democratic socio-political system of the Oromo". unesco.org.
  2. ↑ "Gada system, an indigenous democratic socio-political system of the Oromo". unesco.org.
  3. ↑ Intro to the Gadaa System
  4. ↑ Oromo Indigenous Philosophy (Gadaa System): The Case of 74th Gujii Oromo Gadaa Power Transition (PDF)
  5. ↑ Galla, Candace (2012). "Sustaining generations of Indigenous voices: Reclaiming language and integrating multimedia technology". {World Indigenous Nations Higher Education Consortium Journal: 46–48.
  6. ↑ Tesema Ta'a (2006). The Political Economy of an African Society in Transformation: the Case of Macca Oromo (Ethiopia). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 26–27. ISBN 978-3-447-05419-5.
  7. ↑ John Ralph Willis (2005). Slaves and Slavery in Africa: Volume Two: The Servile Estate. Routledge. pp. 122–127, 129–134, 137. ISBN 978-1-135-78017-3.
  8. ↑ John Ralph Willis (2005). Slaves and Slavery in Africa: Volume Two: The Servile Estate. Routledge. pp. 128–134. ISBN 978-1-135-78016-6.
  9. ↑ Ira M. Lapidus (2014). A History of Islamic Societies. Cambridge University Press. p. 483. ISBN 978-1-139-99150-6.
  10. ↑ "The Gadaa System and Some of Its Institutions among the Booranaa: A Historical Perspective". ajol.info. pp. 91–92.
  11. ↑ "Gada system, an indigenous democratic socio-political system of the Oromo". unesco.org.
  12. ↑ "A heroic send-off for Aliyi Cirri, a pioneer Oromo freedom fighter whose courage and bravery inspired generations". www.opride.com. 17 November 2017.
  13. ↑ "Historical Background". mwu.edu.et.
  14. ↑ "The Gada sysytem; full Dimocratical politics of Oromo;71stBorana BalliHand overing Day Febrawary 2009/20017:The Gada of Kura Jarso" (PDF). oromiatourism.gov.et.
  15. ↑ "Gada System inscribed in UNESCO as Intangible World Heritage". ethiopianembassy.be.
  16. ↑ "Briefing: What is Oromo's Gada system?". hornaffairs.com. December 2016.
  17. ↑ "The 2015 Commemoration of Odaa-Bultum (One of the Major Oromo Gadaa System's Administrative Centers)". Oromianeconomist.com.
  18. ↑ "A Journey to Revitalizing Gadaa at Odaa Hullee: Tracing Jimma University's Unwavering Commitment". ju.edu.et.
  19. ↑ "Bule Hora University Journey". bhu.edu.et.
  20. ↑ Participedia Contributors. "The Gadaa System of the Oromo People". Participedia.net. Retrieved 29 January 2019.
  21. ↑ "Gadaa Grades". addisherald.com.
  22. ↑ Sirna, Zelalem. "A Future Gaze: Gadaa Oriented Constitutional Structure for Oromia". Gadaa Journal: 15–16.
  23. ↑ "Waa'ee Gadaa wantoota beekuu qabdan shan" [Five things you should know about Gadaa]. bbc.com.
  24. ↑ Asmarom Legesse, "Gadaa: Three Approaches to the Study of African Society", 1973
  25. ↑ Asmarom Legesse, "Oromo Democracy: an Indigenous African Political System", 2006
  26. ↑ Donald Levine, "Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society", 1974

Bibliography

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  • Ulrich Braukämper, Layers Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia (2003)
  • Joseph Van de Loo, "Guji Oromo Culture in Southern Ethiopia." Berlin: Reimer, 1991.
  • Asmarom Legesse, "Gadaa: Three Approaches to the Study of African Society", 1973
  • Donald Levine, "Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society", 1974
  • Asmarom Legesse, "Oromo Democracy: an Indigenous African Political System", 2006
  • Asafa Jalata, Gadaa (Oromo Democracy): An Example of Classical African Civilization, Journal of Pan-African Studies (2012)
  • Tenna Dewo. 2008. The Concept of Peace in the Oromo Gadaa System: Its Mechanisms and Moral Dimension. Journal of Oromo Studies 15.1: 139-180. Web access
  • Z. Sirna, "Ethiopia: When the Gadaa Democracy Rules in a Federal State", 2012
  • Participedia Contributors, "The Gadaa System of the Oromo People," last modified September 7, 2018, Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20190130053728/https://participedia.xyz/method/4865
Dem retrieve am from "https://gpe.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gadaa&oldid=37602"