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2012 Summer Olympics

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2012 Summer Olympics
Summer Olympic Games
Sports season of league or competitionSummer Olympic Games Edit
Official nameOlympic Games London 2012 Edit
Motto textInspire a Generation Edit
CountryUnited Kingdom Edit
Ein locationLondon Edit
Coordinate location51°32′19″N 0°0′59″W Edit
Dey follow2008 Summer Olympics Edit
Followed by2016 Summer Olympics Edit
Edition number30 Edit
Point for tym insyd2012 Edit
Tym dem start27 July 2012 Edit
End tym12 August 2012 Edit
Significant event2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, 2012 Summer Olympics closing ceremony, London bid for the 2012 Summer Olympics Edit
OrganizerLondon Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games Edit
Officially opened byElizabeth II Edit
Oath made byMik Basi, Sarah Stevenson, Eric Farrell Edit
MascotWenlock Edit
Date of official opening27 July 2012 Edit
Date of official closure12 August 2012 Edit
Dema official websitehttps://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/london-2012 Edit
Described at URLhttps://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/2012/ Edit
Map

De 2012 Summer Olympics, officially de Games of the XXX Olympiad wey dem sanso know am as London 2012, na ebe international multi-sport event dem hold from 27 July to 12 August 2012 insyd London, England, United Kingdom. De first event, de group stage insyd women's football, begin for 25 July for de Millennium Stadium insyd Cardiff, Wales, follow by de opening ceremony for 27 July.[1][2] Na der be 10,518 athletes wey komot 206 National Olympic Committees (NOCs) wey participate insyd de 2012 Olympics.[3]

Dey follow bid head by former Olympic champion Sebastian Coe den de then-London mayor Ken Livingstone, na dem select London as de host city for de 117th IOC Session insyd Singapore for 6 July 2005, dem defeat bids from Moscow, New York City, Madrid, den Paris.[4] London cam turn de first city make e host de modern Olympics three times,[5] dem previously host de Summer Games insyd 1908 den 1948.[6][7] Construction give de Games involve considerable redevelopment, plus emphasis for sustainability top.[8] Na de main focus be fresh 200-hectare (490-acre) Olympic Park, dem construct am for former industrial site insyd Stratford, East London.[9] De Games sanso use venues wey already exist before de bid.[10]

De United States top de medal table, dem win de most gold medals (48) den de highest number of medals overall (104). China fini second plus total of 91 medals (38 gold) wey Great Britain cam third plus 65 medals overall (29 gold). Michael Phelps of de United States cam turn de most decorated Olympic athlete of all time for de time, he win ein 22nd medal.[11] Saudi Arabia, Qatar den Brunei enter female athletes for de first time, dey mean say every currently eligible country now send female competitor for at least one Olympic Games.[12] Na dem include women's boxing for de first time, den de 2012 Games cam turn de first for wich na every sport get female competitors.[13][14][15]

De Games receive considerable praise for dema organisation, plus de volunteers, de British military den public enthusiasm commend particularly highly.[16][17][18] Na dem describe de Games as "happy and glorious".[19] De opening ceremony, Academy Award winner Danny Boyle direct am, receive widespread acclaim.[20][21] Na dese be de final Olympic Games under de IOC presidency of Belgian Jacques Rogge, wey na German Thomas Bach succeed am de next year.

Bidding process

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Na dem choose London over Birmingham make e represent Great Britain ein bid by de British Olympic Association.

By 15 July 2003—de deadline for interested cities make dem submit bids to de International Olympic Committee (IOC)—na nine cities submit bids make dem host de 2012 Summer Olympics: Havana, Istanbul, Leipzig, London, Madrid, Moscow, New York City, Paris, den Rio de Janeiro.[22] For 18 May 2004, as result of scored technical evaluation, de IOC reduce de number of cities to five: London, Madrid, Moscow, New York den Paris.[23] All five submit dema candidate files by 19 November 2004 wey de IOC inspection team visit dem during February den March 2005. Na de Paris bid suffer two setbacks during de IOC inspection visit: number of strikes den demonstrations coincide plus de visits, den report say key member of de bid team, Guy Drut, go face charges over alleged corrupt party political finances.[24]

Thru out de process, na dem widely see Paris as de favourite, particularly as na dis be ein third bid for recent years insyd. Na dem initially see London as e dey lag behind Paris by considerable margin.[25] Ein position begin dey improve after de appointment of Lord Coe as de new chair of de London Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games (LOCOG) for 19 May 2004.[26] Insyd late August 2004, reports predict tie between London den Paris.[27]

For 6 June 2005, de IOC release ein evaluation reports for de five candidate cities. Na dem no contain any scores anaa rankings, buh na dem consider de report give Paris de most positive. Na London be close behind, e close chaw of de gap dem observe by de initial evaluation insyd 2004. New York den Madrid sanso receive very positive evaluations.[28] For 1 July 2005, wen dem biz am who go win, Jacques Rogge say, "I cannot predict it since I don't know how the IOC members will vote. But my gut feeling tells me that it will be very close. Perhaps it will come down to a difference of say ten votes, or maybe less."[29]

For 6 July 2005, na dem announce de final selection for de 117th IOC Session insyd Singapore. Na Moscow be de first city make dem eliminate, follow by New York den Madrid. Na de final two contenders be London den Paris. At de end of de fourth round of voting, London win de right make e host de 2012 Games plus 54 votes to 50.[30]

Na de celebrations insyd London be short-lived, ebe overshadow by bombings for London ein transport system less dan 24 hours after de announcement.[31] 12 years later, na dem later choose Paris as de host of de 2024 games insyd 2017.[32]

2012 host city election – ballot results
City Country Round
1 2 3 4
London Great Britain 22 27 39 54
Paris France 21 25 33 50
Madrid Spain 20 32 31 —
New York City United States 19 17 — —
Moscow Russia 15 — — —
Total ballots 97 101 103 104

Development den preparations

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Na dem create de London Organising Committee of de Olympic Games (LOCOG) make e oversee de staging of de Games, wey dem hold ein first board meeting for 3 October 2005.[33] De committee, chair by Lord Coe, na he be in charge of implementing den staging de Games, while de Olympic Delivery Authority (ODA), dem establish insyd April 2006, na ebe in charge of construction of de venues den infrastructure.[33][34]

De Government Olympic Executive (GOE), unit within de Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS), na ebe de lead government body for coordinating de London 2012 Olympics. E focus for oversight of de Games, cross-programme management, den de London 2012 Olympic Legacy before den after de Games wey go benefit London den de wider United Kingdom. Na de organisation sanso be responsible for de supervision of de £9.3 billion of public sector funding.[35]

Insyd August 2011, security concerns arise wey dey surround de hosting of de Olympic Games insyd London, dey follow de 2011 England riots.[36] Sam countries express safety concerns,[37] despite de IOC ein assurance say de riots no go affect de Games.[38] De IOC ein Coordination Commission for de 2012 Games plete ein tenth den final visit to London insyd March 2012. Ein members conclude say "London is ready to host the world this summer".[39]

Venues

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De Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park

De 2012 Olympic den Paralympic Games use mixture of fresh venues, existing den historic facilities, den temporary facilities, sam of dem dey well-known locations such as Hyde Park den Horse Guards Parade. After de Games, dem go reuse sam of de fresh facilities insyd dema Olympic form, while dem go resize anaa relocate odas.[40]

Na dem divide de majority of venues into three zones within Greater London: de Olympic Zone, de River Zone den de Central Zone. For addition na der be few venues dat, by necessity, na dem be outsyd de boundaries of Greater London, such as de Weymouth and Portland National Sailing Academy sam 125 (201 km) southwest of London, wich host de sailing events. Na dem stage de football tournament for several grounds around de UK.[41] Work begin for de Park top insyd December 2006, wen na dem pull down a sports hall insyd Eton Manor.[42] Na dem plete de athletes dema village insyd Portland for September 2011 insyd.[43]

London Olympic Stadium

Insyd November 2004, na dem reveal de 200-hectare (500-acre) Olympic Park plans.[44] Na dem approve de plans give de site insyd September 2004 by Tower Hamlets, Newham, Hackney den Waltham Forest.[45] De redevelopment of de area make dem build de Olympic Park require compulsory purchase orders of property. Na de London Development Agency dey in dispute plus London and Continental Railways about de orders insyd November 2005. By May 2006, na dem buy 86% of de land as businesses fight eviction.[46] Residents wey oppose de eviction try make dem find ways make dem stop am by dem set up campaigns, buh na dem for lef as dem buy 94% of land wey de oda 6% dem buy as dem start £9 billion regeneration project.[47]

Na der be sam issues plus de original venues no be challenging enough anaa ebe financially unviable. Na dem initially consider both de Olympic road races den de mountain bike event say e be too easy, so dem eventually schedule dem for fresh locations top.[48][49] De Olympic marathon course, wich na dem set am make e fini insyd de Olympic stadium, na dem move am go The Mall, since na dem deem if dem close Tower Bridge go cause traffic problems insyd central London.[50] Na dem scrap North Greenwich Arena 2 insyd cost-cutting exercise, na dem use Wembley Arena for badminton den rhythmic gymnastics events instead.[51][52][53][54]

Na dem hold test events thru out 2011 den 2012, either thru existing championship such as 2012 Wimbledon Championships anaa as specially created event dem hold under de banner of London Prepares.[55] Na Team GB House be de British Olympic Association ein operational HQ up to den during de 2012 Olympic den Paralympic Games. Architects Gebler Tooth design for de top floor of sam office building insyd Westfield Stratford City, e combine de team HQ, athletes dema "Friends and Family" lounge, Press Centre, den VIP lounge.

Public transport

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De Olympic Javelin high-speed service run between St Pancras den Ebbsfleet, via Stratford.

IOC's ein initial evaluation feel say, if na dem deliver transport improvements in time give de Games, London go cope.[56] Transport for London (TfL) carry out chaw improvements for preparation give 2012, wey dey include de expansion of de London Overground ein East London Line, dey upgrade to de Docklands Light Railway den de North London Line, den de introduction of fresh "Javelin" high-speed rail service.[57] According to Network Rail, additional 4,000 train services operate during de Games, wey train operators run longer trains during de day.[58] During de Games, na any international services no serve Stratford International station (just as e no be before de Games),[59] westbound trains no stop for Hackney Wick railway station,[60] den Pudding Mill Lane DLR station close entirely during de Games.[61]

De Emirates Air Line dey cross de River Thames between Greenwich Peninsula den de Royal Docks.

TfL sanso build £25 million cable car across de River Thames, dem bell de Emirates Air Line, make e link 2012 Olympics venues.[62] Na dem inaugurate am insyd June 2012 wey e dey cross de Thames between Greenwich Peninsula den de Royal Docks, wey dey carry up to 2,500 passengers an hour, wey dey cut journey times between The O2 den de ExCeL exhibition centre den dey provide crossing every 30 seconds.[63]

Na de plan be make dem get 80% of athletes travel less dan 20 minutes go dema event[64] den 93% of dem within 30 minutes of dema event.[65] De Olympic Park go be served by ten separate railway lines plus combined capacity of 240,000 passengers per hour.[66] For addition, LOCOG plan give 90% of de venues make e be serve by three anaa more types of public transport.[65] Na two park-and-ride sites off de M25 plus combined capacity of 12,000 cars be 25 minutes away from de Olympic Park. Na dem plan anoda park-and-ride site insyd Ebbsfleet plus capacity give 9,000 cars wer spectators fi board 10-minute shuttle train service.[65] Make dem get spectators to Eton Dorney, na dem set up four park-and-ride schemes.[67] Na First Games Transport dey operate dese Park den Ride services.[68]

TfL define network of roads wey dey lead between venues as de Olympic Route Network; roads wey dey connect all of de Olympic venues locate within London. Chaw of dese roads sanso contain special "Olympic lanes" dem mark plus de Olympic rings-dem reserve give de use of Olympic athletes, officials, den oda VIPs during de Games. Members of de public wey dey drive insyd Olympic lane be subject to fine of £130. Additionally, na London buses no fi include roads plus Olympic lanes for dema routes top.[69][70][71] Na dem express concerns for de logistics of spectators wey dey travel go de events outsyd London. For particular, na de sailing events for Portland get no direct motorway connections, wey local roads be heavily congested by tourist traffic insyd de summer.[72] However, na dem build £77 million relief road wey dey connect Weymouth to Dorchester wey dem gbele am insyd 2011.[73][74] Na dem put aside sam £16 million give de rest of de improvements.[75]

TfL create promotional campaign den website, Get Ahead of the Games, make e help provide information wey relate to transport during de Olympics den Paralympics. Thru de campaign, TfL sanso encourage de use of cycling as mode of transport.[76] Na dem create temporary terminal for Heathrow Airport make dem use am by 10,100 athletes wey dey depart after de Games. Na dem dey expect up to 35% more bags dan normal for 13 August, wich na dem predict make e be de busiest day insyd de airport ein history, according to Nick Cole, head of Olympic den Paralympic planning for Heathrow.

Cost den financing

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Study wey komot Oxford University find say de sports-related costs of London 2012 amount to US$15 billion, compare plus $4.6 billion give Rio 2016, $40–44 billion give Beijing 2008, den $51 billion give Sochi 2014 (de most expensive Olympics insyd history). London 2012 go over budget by 76% for real terms, dem measure from bid go completion. Na de cost per athlete be $1.4 million.[77] Dis no dey include wider costs give urban den transport infrastructure, wich often equal anaa exceed de sports-related costs.

Na de costs of staging de Games be separate from those give building de venues den infrastructure den redeveloping de land give de Olympic Park. While na dem privately fund de Games, na dem largely finance de venues den infrastructure dem use public money.

According to The Wall Street Journal, na de original budget give de Games dem increase to about £9.3 billion (US$15.28 billion) insyd 2007.[78] Na dem announce de revised figures to de House of Commons for 15 March 2007 by Tessa Jowell. Along plus East End regeneration costs, na de breakdown be:

  • Dey build de venues den infrastructure – £5.3 billion
  • Elite sport den Paralympic funding – £400 million
  • Security den policing – £600 million
  • Regeneration of de Lower Lea Valley – £1.7 billion
  • Contingency fund – £2.7 billion

Volunteers

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Unpaid volunteers dem know as Games Makers perform variety of tasks before den during de Games.[79] Na dem set up target of 70,000 volunteers as early as 2004.[80] Wen recruitment take place insyd 2010, na dem receive more dan 240,000 applications.[81] Sebastian Coe say insyd February 2012, "Our Games Makers will contribute a total of around eight million volunteer hours during the Games and the Games simply wouldn't happen without them".[82] De volunteers wear clothing wey include purple den red polo shirts den jackets, beige trousers, grey socks den grey-and-white trainers, wich dem collect from de Uniform Distribution and Accreditation Centre. Volunteers sanso wear photo accreditation badges wey na officials, athletes, family members den media sanso wear dem, wich gain dem access to specific venues den buildings around de site.

Ticketing

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Organisers estimate sam 8 million tickets go be available give de Olympic Games,[83] den 1.5 million tickets give de Paralympic Games.[83] LOCOG aim make dem raise £375–£400 million for ticket sales insyd. Na der sanso be free events such as marathon, triathlon den road cycling,[84] although, for de first time insyd Olympic history, dem ticket de sailing events.[85] Eventually, dem sell more dan 7,000,000 tickets.[86] Dey follow IOC rules, people apply for tickets from de NOC of dema country of residence. Na European Union residents be able make dem apply for tickets insyd any EU country.[87]

Insyd Great Britain, ticket prices range from £20 for chaw events to £2,012 for de most expensive seats for de opening ceremony. Na dem give sam free tickets to military personnel as part of de Tickets For Troops scheme,[88] as well as to survivors den families of those wey die during de 7 July 2005 London bombings.[89] Initially, na people be able make dem apply for tickets via website from 15 March til 26 April 2011. Na der be huge demand for tickets, plus demand of more dan three times de number of tickets available.[90][91] For 11 May 2012 round of nearly one million "second chance" tickets go on sale over 10-day period between 23 June den 3 July 2011.[92] Na about 1.7 million tickets be available for football den 600,000 give oda sports, wey dey include archery, field hockey, football, judo, boxing den volleyball. Na ten sports sell out by 8 am of de first day.[93]

Countdown

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De Countdown Clock insyd Trafalgar Square

During de closing ceremony of the 2008 Olympics, na dem formally hand over de Olympic Flag from de Mayor of Beijing to de Mayor of London. Na dis be follow by section dem dey highlight London.[94] One month later, na dem raise de Olympic den Paralympic flags outsyd de London City Hall.[95]

Na dem unveil countdown clock insyd Trafalgar Square, 500 days before de Games.[96][97] Na ebe two-sided clock plus de Paralympic countdown for de oda syd. De countdown to de start of de Olympics begin plus ceremony for de lighting of de Olympic flame insyd Olympia, Greece.[98]

Security

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De police lead de security operation (dem name am Operation Olympics by de Ministry of Defence), plus 10,000 officers available, support by 13,500 members of de British Armed Forces. Na dem deploy naval den air assets as part of de security operation, wey dey include ships situate insyd de Thames, Typhoon fighter jets den surface-to-air missiles;[99] na ebe de biggest security operation Britain face insyd decades. De cost of security increased from £282 million to £553 million, wey na de figure of 13,500 armed forces personnel be greater dan de number dem deploy for de time insyd Afghanistan.[100] De Metropolitan Police den de Royal Marines carry out security exercises for preparation give de Olympics for 19 January 2012, plus 50 marine police officers for rigid inflatables insyd den fast response boats, join by up to 100 military personnel den Royal Navy Lynx helicopter.[101]

De Ministry of Defence distribute leaflets to residents of de Lexington building insyd Bow, dey announce say na dem station missile system for de top of de water tower.[102][103] Dis cause concern to sam residents.[102][103] De Ministry say e go probably use Starstreak missiles wey na site evaluations take place, buh dat no final decision take place.[102][103]

Medals

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Front of de Silver Medal win by de USA.

Approximately de Royal Mint produce 4,700[104] Olympic den Paralympic medals for Llantrisant.[105] David Watkins (Olympics) den Lin Cheung (Paralympics) design dem.[106] Na Rio Tinto wey komot sam mine insyd Salt Lake County, Utah insyd de U. S. donate 99% of de gold, silver den copper.[107] De 1% wey remain cam from Mongolian mine.[108] Each medal dey weigh 375-400 g (13.2-14.1 oz), wey e get diameter of 85 mm (3.3 in) wey e be 7 mm (0.28 in) thick, wey dem engrave de sport den discipline for de rim top.[109] De obverse, as be traditional, dey feature Nike, de Greek goddess of victory, wey dey step from de Panathinaiko Stadium wey host de first modern Olympic Games insyd 1896, plus Parthenon insyd de background; de reverse dey feature de Games logo, de River Thames den series of lines wey dey represent "the energy of athletes and a sense of pulling together".[110] Na dem tranfer de medals to de Tower of London vaults for 2 July 2012 for storage.[109]

Each gold medal be 92.5 percent silver den 1.34 percent gold, plus de remainder copper. De silver medal be 92.5 percent silver, plus de remainder copper. De bronze medal be made up of 97 percent copper, 2.5 percent zinc, den 0.5 per cent tin.[111] Na de value of de materials insyd de gold medal be about £410 (US$644), de silver about £210 (US$330), den se bronze about £3 (US$4.71) as of 30 July 2012.[112]

Torch relay

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De Olympics torch relay run from 19 May to 27 July 2012, before de Games. Na dem develop plans give se relay insyd 2010–11, plus de torch-bearer selection process dem announce for 18 May 2011.[113] Edward Barber den Jay Osgerby design de torch.

For 18 May 2012 de Olympic flame arrive for RNAS Culdrose insyd Cornwall from Greece[114] for flight BA2012, operate by British Airways Airbus A319 dem name am "Firefly". De relay last 70 days, plus 66 evening celebrations den six island visits, wey dem involve sam 8,000 people wey dey carry de torch about 8,000 mi (12,875 km), wey dey start from Land's End insyd Cornwall.[115] De torch get three days outsyd de United Kingdom wen e visit de Isle of Man for 2 June, Dublin insyd Ireland, for 6 June,[116] wey both Guernsey den Jersey for 15 July.

De relay focus for National Heritage Sites, locations plus sporting significance, key sporting events, schools dem register plus de Get Set School Network, green spaces den biodiversity, Live Sites (city locations plus large screens), den festivals den oda events.[117] Na Dumfries den Galloway be de Region per insyd de whole of de United Kingdom wey get make de Olympic Torch pass thru am twice. Group of young athletes, dem nominate by retired Olympic athletes, run de torch around de stadium. Na dese torchbearers be Callum Airlie, Jordan Duckitt, Desiree Henry, Katie Kirk, Cameron MacRitchie, Aidan Reynolds, den Adelle Tracey. Togeda de torchbearers each light petal wey spread de fire to de 204 petals of de cauldron, wey dey represent de countries wey dem participate insyd de Games.[118] Na Thomas Heatherwick design de cauldron

Environmental policy

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Na dem plan de Olympic Park make e incorporate 45 hectares of wildlife habitat, plus total of 525 bird boxes den 150 bat boxes. Na dem enhance local waterways den riverbanks as part of de process.[119] Renewable energy sanso feature for de Olympics. Na dem originally plan make dem provide 20% of de energy give de Olympic Park den Village from renewable technologies; however, na dem achieve 9% per of am.[120] Proposals make dem meet de original target include large-scale on-site wind turbines den hydroelectric generators insyd de River Thames, buh na dem scrap dese plans for safety reasons.[121] De focus subsequently move to make dem dey install solar panels for sam buildings top, den dey provide de opportunity make dem recover energy from waste. Wer na dem no fi reuse am anaa recycle am, food packaging for use for de Olympics— wey dey include fast-food wrappers, sandwich boxes den drink cartons—na de make am from compostable materials like starch den cellulose-based bioplastics. After use, na chaw of dese materials be suitable give anaerobic digestion (AD), wey dey allow dem make dem make dem into renewable energy.[122]

Post-Games, na dem relocate buildings like de Water Polo Arena elsewhere. Na dem recycle building parts like roofing covers den membranes of different temporary venues via VinyLoop. Dis allow organisers make dem meet de standards of de Olympic Delivery Authority wey dey concern environmental protection.

London 2012 inaugurate Olympic Games guidelines wey include de recycling of PVC, wich na dem use dem for temporary buildings such as de Basketball Arena den for de temporary parts of permanent venues such as de Olympic Stadium.[123] Insyd de Water Polo Arena, na dem make PVC roofing from recycled cushions make e provide insulation.[124] Thru dis recycling process, na dem fulfil de Olympic Games PVC Policy; de policy dey state:[125]

Dem no assure wer London 2012 dey procure PVC for temporary usage anaa wer permanent usage, dem require make London 2012 ensure say der be take-back scheme wey dey offer closed-loop reuse system anaa mechanical recycling system for post-consumer waste.

According to Kirsten Henson, Materials Manager for de London 2012 Olympic Park: "The majority of temporary facilities created for the Olympic Games including the Aquatic centre temporary stands, basketball arena, Water Polo Arena, and the shooting facilities at the Royal Artillery Barracks, are essentially big tents. Basically, PVC stretched over lightweight steel frame. This design solution makes them efficient to install, reduces the need for any significant foundations and are, of course, reusable. We were challenged by the public around the use of PVC; but we considered it to be the right material for certain functions. We therefore challenged the PVC supply chain to have certain environmental performance criteria in place, including a take back and recycle scheme."[126]

Cultural Olympiad

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Na dem illuminate Tower Bridge plus de Olympic Rings insyd de week wey dey lead up to de opening ceremony.

De Olympic Charter, de set of rules den guidelines give de organization of de Olympic Games den for make dem dey govern de Olympic Movement, dey state say

LOCOG shall organise a programme of cultural events which must cover at least the entire period during which the Olympic Village is open.[127]

De Cultural Olympiad comprise chaw programmes, plus more dan 500 events spread over four years across de whole of de United Kingdom, den dey culminate insyd de London 2012 Festival.[128][129]

Opening ceremony

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Fireworks for de opening ceremony

Dem title "The Isles of Wonder", de opening ceremony begin for 21:00 British Summer Time (UTC+1) for 27 July insyd de Olympic Stadium.[130] Na Oscar-winning director Danny Boyle be artistic director wey Rick Smith of Underworld be musical director.[131] Na dem immediately see de opening ceremony as tremendous success, dem widely praise am as "masterpiece" den "a love letter to Britain".[132][133] De principal sections of de artistic display represent Britain ein Industrial Revolution, National Health Service, literary heritage, popular music den culture, wey dem note dem for dema vibrant storytelling den use of music.

Na Queen Elizabeth II, accompany by Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh officially gbele de Games.[134] Na dis be de second Olympic Games de Queen personally gbele, de first be insyd 1976 insyd Montreal, Canada. De ceremony feature short comic film wey dey star Daniel Craig as secret agent James Bond den de Queen as einself.[135] Na der sanso be musical comedy item wey dey star Rowan Atkinson as Mr. Bean wey dey play along plus de London Symphony Orchestra.[136] Na dem widely ascribe dese to Britain ein sense of humour.[137]

Live musical performers include Frank Turner, Dame Evelyn Glennie, Mike Oldfield, Dizzee Rascal, Arctic Monkeys, den Sir Paul McCartney wey perform "Hey Jude" as de closing act.[138][139] Broadcast live for BBC One top, de ceremony attract peak viewing audience of over 27 million insyd de UK.[140]

Closing ceremony

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Na dem hold de closing ceremony for 12 August. E feature flashback fiesta to British music plus The Who wey close de performance. De ceremony sanso include handover of de Olympic flag by Boris Johnson, Mayor of London, to Eduardo Paes, Mayor of Rio de Janeiro, de host city of de 2016 Summer Olympics.[141] Insyd ein closing address, Jacques Rogge describe de Games as "happy and glorious".[19]

De Games

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National Olympic Committees wey dey participate

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Number of athletes wey dey participate by country
300+ 100–299 30–99 10–29 4–9 1–3
Countries wey dey participate:
Green = Na dem previously participate; Grey = Dey participate for first time; Yellow circle be host city (London)

Around 10,500 athletes wey komot 206 National Olympic Committees (NOCs) take part,[3] (85 countries acquire for least one medal: gold, silver anaa bronze) dey surpass de 1948 Summer Olympics insyd London den de 2002 Commonwealth Games insyd Manchester as de largest multi-sport event ever make dem hold insyd de United Kingdom.[142]

Three athletes wey komot de Netherlands Antilles, wich wey na dem dissolve de territory insyd 2010 wey e lost ein recognition during 123rd IOC session dem hold during July 2011, den one athlete wey komot South Sudan, wich na dem recognize dema NOC isydn 2015, dem participate as two independent athletes teams under de Olympic flag.[143]

National Olympic Committees wey dey participate
  • Afghanistan (6)
  • Albania (9)
  • Algeria (38)
  • American Samoa (4)
  • Andorra (6)
  • Angola (33)
  • Antigua and Barbuda (4)
  • Argentina (137)
  • Armenia (24)
  • Aruba (4)
  • Australia (405)
  • Austria (70)
  • Azerbaijan (52)
  • Bahamas (21)
  • Bahrain (12)
  • Bangladesh (5)
  • Barbados (6)
  • Belarus (160)
  • Belgium (111)
  • Belize (3)
  • Benin (5)
  • Bermuda (8)
  • Bhutan (2)
  • Bolivia (5)
  • Bosnia and Herzegovina (6)
  • Botswana (4)
  • Brazil (248)
  • British Virgin Islands (2)
  • Brunei (3)
  • Bulgaria (63)
  • Burkina Faso (5)
  • Burundi (6)
  • Cambodia (6)
  • Cameroon (32)
  • Canada (273)
  • Cape Verde (3)
  • Cayman Islands (4)
  • Central African Republic (6)
  • Chad (2)
  • Chile (35)
  • China (376)
  • Colombia (101)
  • Comoros (3)
  • Republic of the Congo (7)
  • Democratic Republic of the Congo (4)
  • Cook Islands (8)
  • Costa Rica (11)
  • Croatia (107)
  • Cuba (109)
  • Cyprus (13)
  • Czech Republic (133)
  • Denmark (114)
  • Djibouti (4)
  • Dominica (2)
  • Dominican Republic (33)
  • Ecuador (36)
  • Egypt (109)
  • El Salvador (10)
  • Equatorial Guinea (2)
  • Eritrea (12)
  • Estonia (32)
  • Ethiopia (33)
  • Fiji (9)
  • Finland (56)
  • France (324)
  • Gabon (21)
  • The Gambia (2)
  • Georgia (34)
  • Germany (383)
  • Ghana (7)
  • Great Britain (530) (host)
  • Greece (102)
  • Grenada (8)
  • Guam (8)
  • Guatemala (19)
  • Guinea (4)
  • Guinea-Bissau (4)
  • Guyana (6)
  • Haiti (5)
  • Honduras (25)
  • Hong Kong (41)
  • Hungary (152)
  • Iceland (27)
  • Independent Olympic Athletes (4)
  • India (81)
  • Indonesia (22)
  • Iran (52)
  • Iraq (8)
  • Ireland (64)
  • Israel (37)
  • Italy (281)
  • Ivory Coast (9)
  • Jamaica (45)
  • Japan (291)
  • Jordan (9)
  • Kazakhstan (113)
  • Kenya (47)
  • Kiribati (3)
  • North Korea (52)
  • South Korea (250)
  • Kuwait (10)
  • Kyrgyzstan (14)
  • Laos (3)
  • Latvia (45)
  • Lebanon (10)
  • Lesotho (4)
  • Liberia (3)
  • Libya (4)
  • Liechtenstein (3)
  • Lithuania (62)
  • Luxembourg (9)
  • Macedonia (4)
  • Madagascar (7)
  • Malawi (3)
  • Malaysia (29)
  • Maldives (5)
  • Mali (6)
  • Malta (5)
  • Marshall Islands (4)
  • Mauritania (2)
  • Mauritius (11)
  • Mexico (99)
  • Federated States of Micronesia (6)
  • Moldova (20)
  • Monaco (6)
  • Mongolia (29)
  • Montenegro (33)
  • Morocco (63)
  • Mozambique (6)
  • Myanmar (6)
  • Namibia (9)
  • Nauru (2)
  • Nepal (5)
  • Netherlands (173)
  • New Zealand (178)
  • Nicaragua (6)
  • Niger (6)
  • Nigeria (49)
  • Norway (61)
  • Oman (3)
  • Pakistan (21)
  • Palau (5)
  • Palestine (5)
  • Panama (8)
  • Papua New Guinea (8)
  • Paraguay (8)
  • Peru (16)
  • Philippines (11)
  • Poland (210)
  • Portugal (76)
  • Puerto Rico (25)
  • Qatar (12)
  • Romania (105)
  • Russia (429)
  • Rwanda (7)
  • Saint Kitts and Nevis (4)
  • Saint Lucia (4)
  • Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (3)
  • Samoa (8)
  • San Marino (4)
  • São Tomé and Príncipe (2)
  • Saudi Arabia (19)
  • Senegal (31)
  • Serbia (116)
  • Seychelles (6)
  • Sierra Leone (2)
  • Singapore (23)
  • Slovakia (47)
  • Slovenia (65)
  • Solomon Islands (4)
  • Somalia (2)
  • South Africa (124)
  • Spain (278)
  • Sri Lanka (7)
  • Sudan (6)
  • Suriname (5)
  • Swaziland (3)
  • Sweden (133)
  • Switzerland (98)
  • Syria (10)
  • Chinese Taipei (44)
  • Tajikistan (16)
  • Tanzania (6)
  • Thailand (37)
  • East Timor (2)
  • Togo (6)
  • Tonga (3)
  • Trinidad and Tobago (25)
  • Tunisia (83)
  • Turkey (112)
  • Turkmenistan (10)
  • Tuvalu (3)
  • Uganda (15)
  • Ukraine (230)
  • United Arab Emirates (26)
  • United States (530)
  • Uruguay (27)
  • Uzbekistan (53)
  • Vanuatu (5)
  • Venezuela (68)
  • Vietnam (18)
  • Virgin Islands (7)
  • Yemen (4)
  • Zambia (7)
  • Zimbabwe (7)

Number of athletes by National Olympic Committee

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10,768 athletes wey komot 204 NOCs

IOC Letter Code Country Athletes
GBR Great Britain 541
USA United States 530
RUS Russia 436
AUS Australia 410
GER Germany 392
CHN China 390
FRA France 330
JPN Japan 293
ITA Italy 284
ESP Spain 278
CAN Canada 277
BRA Brazil 258
KOR South Korea 245
UKR Ukraine 237
POL Poland 218
NZL New Zealand 184
NED Netherlands 175
BLR Belarus 165
HUN Hungary 157
ARG Argentina 137
SWE Sweden 134
CZE Czech Republic 133
RSA South Africa 125
BEL Belgium 115
SRB Serbia 115
KAZ Kazakhstan 114
TUR Turkey 114
DEN Denmark 113
EGY Egypt 113
CUB Cuba 110
CRO Croatia 108
COL Colombia 104
GRE Greece 103
ROU Romania 103
MEX Mexico 102
SUI Switzerland 102
IND India 83
TUN Tunisia 83
POR Portugal 77
AUT Austria 70
VEN Venezuela 70
MAR Morocco 67
IRL Ireland 66
SLO Slovenia 65
NOR Norway 64
BUL Bulgaria 63
LTU Lithuania 62
FIN Finland 55
NGR Nigeria 55
UZB Uzbekistan 54
AZE Azerbaijan 53
IRI Iran 53
PRK North Korea 51
JAM Jamaica 50
KEN Kenya 47
SVK Slovakia 47
LAT Latvia 46
TPE Chinese Taipei 44
ALG Algeria 42
HKG Hong Kong 42
ISR Israel 37
THA Thailand 37
ECU Ecuador 36
CHI Chile 35
DOM Dominican Republic 35
ETH Ethiopia 35
GEO Georgia 35
ANG Angola 34
CMR Cameroon 33
EST Estonia 33
MNE Montenegro 33
SEN Senegal 31
MAS Malaysia 30
TRI Trinidad and Tobago 30
MGL Mongolia 29
URU Uruguay 29
HON Honduras 27
ISL Iceland 27
UAE United Arab Emirates 26
ARM Armenia 25
PUR Puerto Rico 25
BAH Bahamas 24
GAB Gabon 24
SIN Singapore 23
INA Indonesia 22
MDA Moldova 22
PAK Pakistan 21
GUA Guatemala 19
KSA Saudi Arabia 19
VIE Vietnam 18
PER Peru 16
TJK Tajikistan 16
UGA Uganda 16
KGZ Kyrgyzstan 14
CYP Cyprus 13
ALB Albania 12
BRN Bahrain 12
ERI Eritrea 12
QAT Qatar 12
CRC Costa Rica 11
KUW Kuwait 11
MRI Mauritius 11
PHI Philippines 11
CIV Ivory Coast 10
ESA El Salvador 10
GRN Grenada 10
LIB Lebanon 10
SYR Syria 10
TKM Turkmenistan 10
FIJ Fiji 9
GHA Ghana 9
JOR Jordan 9
LUX Luxembourg 9
NAM Namibia 9
BER Bermuda 8
COK Cook Islands 8
GUM Guam 8
IRQ Iraq 8
PAR Paraguay 8
PNG Papua New Guinea 8
SAM Samoa 8
CGO Republic of the Congo 7
ISV Virgin Islands 7
MAD Madagascar 7
PAN Panama 7
RWA Rwanda 7
SKN Saint Kitts and Nevis 7
SRI Sri Lanka 7
TAN Tanzania 7
ZAM Zambia 7
ZIM Zimbabwe 7
AFG Afghanistan 6
AND Andorra 6
BAR Barbados 6
BDI Burundi 6
BIH Bosnia and Herzegovina 6
BOL Bolivia 6
CAF Central African Republic 6
CAM Cambodia 6
DJI Djibouti 6
FSM Federated States of Micronesia 6
GUY Guyana 6
MLI Mali 6
MON Monaco 6
MOZ Mozambique 6
MYA Myanmar 6
NCA Nicaragua 6
NIG Niger 6
SEY Seychelles 6
SUD Sudan 6
TOG Togo 6
ANT Antigua and Barbuda 5
ASA American Samoa 5
BAN Bangladesh 5
BEN Benin 5
BUR Burkina Faso 5
CAY Cayman Islands 5
HAI Haiti 5
LBA Libya 5
MDV Maldives 5
MLT Malta 5
NEP Nepal 5
PLE Palestine 5
PLW Palau 5
SUR Suriname 5
VAN Vanuatu 5
ARU Aruba 4
BOT Botswana 4
COD Democratic Republic of the Congo 4
GBS Guinea-Bissau 4
GUI Guinea 4
IOA Independent Olympic Athletes 4
LBR Liberia 4
LCA Saint Lucia 4
LES Lesotho 4
MHL Marshall Islands 4
MKD Macedonia 4
OMA Oman 4
SMR San Marino 4
SOL Solomon Islands 4
YEM Yemen 4
BIZ Belize 3
BRU Brunei 3
CHA Chad 3
COM Comoros 3
CPV Cape Verde 3
KIR Kiribati 3
LAO Laos 3
LIE Liechtenstein 3
MAW Malawi 3
SWZ Swaziland 3
TGA Tonga 3
TUV Tuvalu 3
VIN Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 3
BHU Bhutan 2
DMA Dominica 2
GAM The Gambia 2
GEQ Equatorial Guinea 2
IVB British Virgin Islands 2
MTN Mauritania 2
NRU Nauru 2
SLE Sierra Leone 2
SOM Somalia 2
STP São Tomé and Príncipe 2
TLS East Timor 2

National houses

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During de Games, sam countries den continents get "national house". Na dese temporary meeting places give supporters, athletes den oda followers locate thru out London.[144][145]

Nation Location Name
African nations Kensington Gardens
Austria Trinity House
Belgium Inner Temple
Brazil Somerset House Casa Brasil
Canada Canada House
China The Waldorf Hilton
Croatia Pelham Hotel, South Kensington
Czech Republic Business Design Centre, Islington
Denmark St Katherine Docks
France Old Billingsgate Club France
Georgia Chelsea College of Art and Design (45 Millbank)
Germany Museum of London Docklands Deutsches Haus
Great Britain Westfield Stratford City
Ireland The Big Chill House, Kings Cross
Italy Queen Elizabeth II Conference Centre Casa Italia
Japan Royal Aeronautical Society
Jamaica The O2
Kenya East Thames Community Centre, Stratford
Korea Royal Thames Yacht Club
Monaco Haymarket
Netherlands Alexandra Palace Holland Heineken House
New Zealand Granary Square, Kings Cross Kiwi House
Nigeria Theatre Royal Stratford East
Poland Polish Social and Cultural Centre
Qatar Institution of Engineering and Technology, Savoy Place
Romania 30 Pavilion Road, Knightsbridge
Russia Perks Field, Kensington Palace
Slovakia Institute of Directors
South Africa Queen Elizabeth Hall
South Pacific St Katharine Docks
Switzerland Glazier's Hall
Trinidad & Tobago Tricycle Theatre
United States Royal College of Art

Sports

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De 2012 Summer Olympics feature 26 different sports wey dey encompass 39 disciplines den 302 events. Insyd de list below, dem note de number of events insyd each discipline insyd parentheses.

2012 Summer Olympics Sports Programme
  • Aquatics
    • Diving (8)
    • Swimming (34)
    • Synchronized swimming (2)
    • Water polo (2)
  • Archery (4)
  • Athletics (47)
  • Badminton (5)
  • Basketball (2)
  • Boxing (13)
  • Canoeing
    • Sprint (12)
    • Slalom (4)
  • Cycling (competitors)
    • BMX (2)
    • Mountain biking (2)
    • Road (4)
    • Track (10)
  • Equestrian
    • Dressage (2)
    • Eventing (2)
    • Jumping (2)
  • Fencing (10)
  • Field hockey (2)
  • Football (2)
  • Gymnastics
    • Artistic (14)
    • Rhythmic (2)
    • Trampoline (2)
  • Handball (2)
  • Judo (14)
  • Modern pentathlon (2)
  • Rowing (14)
  • Sailing (10)
  • Shooting (15)
  • Table tennis (4)
  • Taekwondo (8)
  • Tennis (5)
  • Triathlon (2)
  • Volleyball
    • Volleyball (2)
    • Beach volleyball (2)
  • Weightlifting (15)
  • Wrestling
    • Freestyle (11)
    • Greco-Roman (7)

Na dem include women's boxing insyd de programme for de first time, wey 36 women compete insyd three weight classes. Na der be special dispensation for de shooting events, wich na go otherwise be illegal under UK gun law.[146][147] Insyd tennis, mixed doubles return to de Olympic programme for de first time since 1924.[148]

London ein bid feature de same 28 sports wey na dem include insyd oda recent Summer Olympics, buh de IOC vote make dem drop baseball den softball from de 2012 Games just two days after na dem select London as de host city. Na der be appeal, buh de IOC vote make dem uphold de decision, wey na dem schedule de two sports make dem discontinue dem after dema last appearance for de 2008 Olympics.[149] De IOC then vote for whether anaa make dem no replace dem; na dem consider karate, squash, golf, roller sports den rugby sevens. Na karate den squash be de two final nominees, buh neither receive enough votes make dem reach de required two-thirds majority.[149]

Although na dem eliminate formal demonstration sports after de 1992 Summer Olympics,[150] dem fi run special tournaments for non-Olympic sports during de Games, such as de Wushu tournament for de 2008 Summer Olympics.[151] Na attempts dey make dem run Twenty20 cricket[151] den netball[152] tournaments alongsyd de 2012 Games, buh na neither campaign be successful.

Calendar

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Na dem release de final official schedule for 15 February 2011.[153]

All times den dates dey use British Summer Time (UTC+1)
OC Opening ceremony ● Event competitions 1 Gold medal events CC Closing ceremony
July/August 2012 July August Events
25th
Wed 		26th
Thu 		27th
Fri 		28th
Sat 		29th
Sun 		30th
Mon 		31st
Tue 		1st
Wed 		2nd
Thu 		3rd
Fri 		4th
Sat 		5th
Sun 		6th
Mon 		7th
Tue 		8th
Wed 		9th
Thu 		10th
Fri 		11th
Sat 		12th
Sun
Ceremonies OC CC —
Aquatics Diving 1 1 1 1 ● 1 ● 1 1 1
Marathon swimming 1 1 46
Swimming 4 3 5 3 5 4 3 4 4
Synchronized swimming
Water polo ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 1
Archery ● 1 1 ● ● ● 1 1 1 4
Athletics 2 1 5 3 4 5 5 5 8 9 1 47
Badminton ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 1 1 2 5
Basketball Basketball ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 1 2
Boxing ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 2 2 4 4 13
Canoeing Slalom ● 1 1 ● 1 1 ● ● ● 2
Sprint ● ● 3 4 3 16
Cycling Road cycling 2 1 1
Track cycling 1 1 2 2 2 1 3 18
BMX ● 2 ● 2
Mountain biking 1 1
Equestrian
Fencing 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 12
Field hockey ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 1 2
Football ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 1 2
Golf ● ● ● 1 ● ● ● 1 2
Gymnastics Artistic ● ● 1 1 1 1 3 3 4 14
Rhythmic ● 1 1 2
Trampoline 2 2
Handball ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 1 2
Judo 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 15
Modern pentathlon ● ● 1 1 2
Rowing ● ● ● ● 2 4 4 4 14
Sailing ● ● ● ● ● 2 2 ● ● ● 2 3 1 10
Shooting 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 15
Skateboarding 1 1 1 1 4
Sport climbing ● ● 1 1 1 1 4
Surfing ● ● ● ● 2 2
Table tennis ● ● ● 1 ● ● ● 1 1 ● ● ● ● 1 1 5
Taekwondo 2 2 2 2 8
Tennis ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 2 2 5
Triathlon 2 1 3
Volleyball Beach volleyball ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 1 2
Indoor Volleyball ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 1 2
Weightlifting 2 2 2 3 1 10
Wrestling ● 3 3 3 3 3 3 18
Daily medal events 0 12 14 15 20 18 22 25 23 18 21 16 22 17 32 15 13 302
Cumulative total 0 12 26 53 73 91 113 138 161 179 200 216 238 216 277 287 302
July/August 2012
25th
Wed 		26th
Thu 		27th
Fri 		28th
Sat 		29th
Sun 		30th
Mon 		31st
Tue 		1st
Wed 		2nd
Thu 		3rd
Fri 		4th
Sat 		5th
Sun 		6th
Mon 		7th
Tue 		8th
Wed 		9th
Thu 		10th
Fri 		11th
Sat 		12th
Sun 		Total events
July August

Records

[edit | edit source]
Mo Farah (left) plus Usain Bolt (right), wey dey demonstrate one anoda ein famous gestures (de "Lightning Bolt" den "Mobot")

Dese Olympic Games result insyd 32 world records insyd eight sports. Na dem set de largest number of records insyd swimming, for eight. China, Great Britain den de United States set de most records, plus five each.

Medal table

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Total of 85 National Olympic Committees (NOCs) win medals, 54 of those countries win at least one gold medal. Seven NOCs win dema first ever Olympic medal: Bahrain (gold),[154] Botswana (silver),[155] Cyprus (silver),[156] Gabon (silver),[157] Grenada (gold),[158] Guatemala (silver),[159] den Montenegro (silver).[160] De United States fini for de top of de table, dem win 48 gold medals den total of 104 medals. China fini second plus 38 gold medals den 91 medals overall, wey hosts Great Britain cam insyd third place, dem win 29 gold medals den 65 medals overall insyd dema best performance since London host ein first Summer Olympics insyd 1908, dey push Russia—wey win 18 gold medals den 65 medals for total, after doping redistributions (initially 24 gold den 82 total)—into fourth place.

Key

 ‡   Changes in medal standings (see subpage)

 *   Host nation (Great Britain)

2012 Summer Olympics medal table[161]
Rank NOC Gold Silver Bronze Total
1 United States‡ 48 26 30 104
2 China‡ 39 31 22 92
3 Great Britain*‡ 29 18 18 65
4 Russia‡ 18 21 26 65
5 South Korea‡ 13 9 9 31
6 Germany‡ 11 20 13 44
7 France‡ 11 11 13 35
8 Australia‡ 8 15 12 35
9 Italy 8 9 11 28
10 Hungary‡ 8 4 6 18
11–86 Remaining NOCs 110 141 192 443
Totals (86 entries) 303 305 352 960

Podium sweeps

[edit | edit source]
Date Sport Event NOC Gold Silver Bronze
28 July Fencing Women's foil Italy Elisa Di Francisca Arianna Errigo Valentina Vezzali
9 August Athletics Men's 200 metres Jamaica Usain Bolt Yohan Blake Warren Weir
11 August Athletics Women's 20 kilometres walk[162] China Qieyang Shenjie Liu Hong Lü Xiuzhi

References

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