Cinema of Africa

Cinematic street poster in Tunis, Tunisia for the Egyptian film Saladin the Victorious (1963, Arabic: الناصر صلاح الدين, Al Nasser Salah Ad-Din) directed by Youssef Chahine starring Ahmed Mazhar as Saladin, Salah Zulfikar, Nadia Lutfi and others.

Cinema of Africa dey cover both history plus present of how dem dey make or show films for Africa continent insyd, wey esanso dey refer to de people wey dey involved for dis kind of audiovisual culture. Am start from early 20th century, when dem dey use film reels as de main cinematic technology. As dem get more than 50 countries wey get audiovisual traditions, no be one single 'African cinema' dey. Both historically and culturally, dem get major regional differences between North Africa and sub-Saharan cinemas, and between cinemas of different countries.

Egypt and Tunisia get some of de oldest cinema for de world. Egypt own be de biggest and dey flourish well well for Africa. Pioneers Auguste plus Louis Lumière screen dema films for Alexandria, Cairo, Tunis, Susa, Libya plus Hammam-Lif, Tunisia for 1896 insyd. Albert Samama Chikly dey say be de first person wey produce African cinema wey comot Africa, show him own short documentaries for casino of Tunis as far back as December 1905. Chikly and him daughter Haydée Tamzali go on produce important early films like 1924's The Girl from Carthage. For 1927, Egypt produce Laila, de first big film wey Aziza Amir make. For 1935, Studio Misr for Cairo start produce mostly comedies and musicals wey no be too original, but also films like Kamal Selim's The Will (1939). Egyptian cinema become strong for 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s, dem consider am as Golden Age. Youssef Chahine's big film Cairo Station (1958) lay de foundation for Arab film, make am start dey grow.

Nigeria film industry be de biggest for Africa, look sharp-sharp, dem dey produce plenty films every year, dem get plenty money, and plenty people dey watch dem..Nigeria film industry be de second biggest for de world, dem dey make plenty films. For 2016, dem contribute 2.3% to Naija GDP, wey show say dem dey important for de country economy

History

Colonial era

During colonial time, Western people dey control de story wey dem tell about Africa through films. Dem make films wey show black people as if dem no be human, or dem be slaves, or dem be wild animals wey dey eat human being. See films like Kings of de Cannibal Islands for 1909, Voodoo Vengeance (1913) and Congorilla (1932) wey dem use take portray Africa people bad.

Bishara Wakim in Barsoum Looking for a Job (1923)

Films wey colonial masters make about Africa show say Africa be strange place wey no get past or culture. Dem get plenty films like Tarzan wey dem take from Edgar Rice Burroughs story, plus de film The African Queen (1951), plus different films wey dem make from H. Rider Haggard's book King Solomon's Mines (1885). All dis films dey show Africa as bush mannas.

De first film wey dem make complete for Africa be de South African film The Great Kimberley Diamond Robbery (1911). Dem make am for South Africa, and na de first time dem dey make film like dat for Africa De Voortrekkers (1916) follow am, wey be South Africa's (and maybe Africa's) first big film and oldest film wey still dey exist, about de Great Trek plus dem make am give Afrikaner people to watch. Early South African cinema get one topic wey dem dey focus on, plus dat be de quarrel between Afrikaner people (especially Boer) plus British people wey dey live for South Africa..

Plenty early films wey dem make to show de life of indigenous people, dey focus on de things wey make dem different from white people wey dem consider as civilized, and dis one dey help spread colonial lies. Marc Allégret's first film, Voyage au Congo (1927), show Masa people in good way, especially one small boy wey dey entertain him small brother with baby crocodile wey dem tie with string. But dem no show Africans as equals, dem show dem as human being but not as people wey get sense. For example, dem write something for de film say de way dem dey dance traditional dance be like children play. Him boyfriend, writer André Gide, follow am go Congo and write book wey dem call Voyage au Congo too. Allégret later make film Zouzou, wey star Josephine Baker, wey be de first big film wey star black woman. Josephine Baker cause trouble for Paris arts people because she dance for Revue Nègre [fr] with only banana string for her body

Egyptian filmmaker and actress Bahiga Hafez, (1908-1983) in 1930s.

For French colonies, dem no allow Africans make dem own film by de 1934 Laval Decree. Td he ban stunt de growth for film as means of African expression, political, cultural, plus artistic. Congolese man, Albert Mongita, manage make film wey dem call The Cinema Lesson for 1951, and for 1953, Mamadou Touré make film wey dem call Mouramani, wey come from folk story about one man and him dog..For 1955, Paulin Soumanou Vieyra - wey comot Benin, but go school for Senegal - and him friends from Le Group Africain du Cinema, make short film for Paris, wey dem call Afrique-sur-Seine (1955). Vieyra learn filmmaking for Institut des hautes études cinématographiques (IDHEC) for Paris, and even though dem no allow people make film for Africa, dem give am permission make film for France Considered the first film wey black African direct, Afrique Sur Seine exploreplushe difficulties of being an African for 1950s for France.

As portuguese colonies get independence but na dem no get place wey dem dey make film, because de colonial government no allow dem make film except dem be colonialist propaganda, wey dey show say indigenous people no reach. So, dem no dey think am till dem get independence to find way wey dem go make African voices wey be real.

For 1930s, dem do one experiment wey dem call Bantu Educational Kinema Experiment for eastern and south-eastern African countries. Dem do dis ting to "teach Bantu people, mostly about how to keep body clean". But only three films from dis project still dey exist; dem keep dem for British Film Institute.

Before de colonies get freedom, small films wey talk against colonialism dey come out. Example be Statues Also Die (Les statues meurent aussi) wey Chris Marker plus Alain Resnais make, wey talk about how European people steal African art. De second part of dis film, Afrique 50 by René Vautier, show how people dey protest against colonialism for Côte d'Ivoire and Upper Volta (now Burkina Faso), but dem ban am.

Lobna Abdel Aziz in Bride of the Nile (1963)

Dat time, one French man, Jean Rouch, wey dey make film about Africa culture, dey work for Africa too. Him films, like Jaguar (1955), Les maitres fous (1955), Moi, un noir (1958) and La pyramide humaine (1961), cause trouble for both French and African people. But Rouch no openly talk against colonialism, ein films just change how people see Africa plus esana give African people dema new voice Although na Ousmane Sembene plus others accuse Rouch of seeing Africans "sey dem bi insects,"Jean Rouch be important person for Africa film ein growth insyd, plus esan be de first person wey work plus African people, many of dem become important for Africa cinema insyd(like Oumarou Ganda, Safi Faye, Moustapha Alassane, plus others).

Secof most films wey dem make before Africa countries get independence dey show racism, African filmmakers wey come after independence, like Ousmane Sembene plus Oumarou Ganda, and others, see filmmaking as way to correct de bad image wey Western filmmakers show about Africans, plus dem wan take back de image of Africa give Africans.

Post-independence plus 1970s

The Ghana Broadcasting Puppet Show developed by Beattie Casely-Hayford (1968)

Salah Zulfikar and Soad Hosny in the Egyptian film Those People of the Nile (Egyptian Arabic: الناس والنيل, Al Nass Wal Nil) directed by Youssef Chahine (1972)

De first Africa film wey win recognition outside Africa be Sembène Ousmane's La Noire de... or Black Girl. De film show how one African woman dey suffer because she dey work as housegirl for France. De film win Prix Jean Vigo award for 1966. Sembène start as writer, but him turn to film-making to reach more people. Him still dey called "de papa of Africa cinema". Sembène's own country, Senegal, continue to be de place wey Africa film production dey happen most for over ten years.. 

When dem create Africa film festival FESPACO for Burkina Faso (wey be Upper Volta before) for 1969, Africa film get its own place wey dem dey showcase am. Now, FESPACO dey happen every two years, and dem dey alternate am with Carthago film festival for Tunisia.

The Pan African Federation of Filmmakers (Fédération Panafricaine des Cinéastes, or FEPACI) FEPACI start for 1969 to help Africa film industries grow in terms of how dem make film, share film, and show film. From de beginning, people see FEPACI as important partner to Organisation of African Unity (OAU), wey be African Union now. FEPACI dey look at how film fit into politics, economy, and culture development for Africa countries and de whole continent

Med Hondo's film, Soleil O, wey dem make for 1969, become popular quick quick. Hondo care about politics just like Sembène, but him use different way of filming to show how hard be for stranger for France if you get de "wrong" skin colour. 

1980s plus 1990s

Malian film director Souleymane Cissé at the third International Festival "Cines del Sur" in Granada, 2009.

Souleymane Cissé's film, Yeelen (from Mali, 1987), be de first film wey Black African make wey go compete for Cannes. Cheick Oumar Sissoko's film, Guimba (from Mali, 1995), also get good talk for West. Many films for 1990s, including Quartier Mozart by Jean-Pierre Bekolo (from Cameroon, 1992), dey show life for big city Africa wey dey connect with de whole world.

Nigeria film industry blow up for 1990s because of how easy dem get video camera for Nigeria, and soon Nollywood become de center of West Africa English-language films. Nollywood drop 1844 movies for 2013 alone!.

De last cinema for Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo, close down for 2004. Many of de old cinema places dem convert to churches. But for 2009, UN refugee agency show film called Breaking de Silence for South Kivu and Katanga Province. De film talk about how dem dey rape women during Congo civil war. But for neighboring Brazzaville, Republic of Congo, dem open new 200-seat cinema, MTS Movies House, for 2016, and for April 2018, dem start build another new cinema.

De first Africa Film Summit happen for South Africa for 2006. After dat, FEPACI 9th Congress follow. Africa Movie Academy Awards start for 2004, show say local film industries like Nigeria own dey grow, and film industry culture dey spread for sub-Saharan Africa

2000s and 2010s

Abderrahmane Sissako at the ceremony of the César Awards, Paris in 2016

Menna Shalabi, Egyptian film star

Nowadays Africa cinema dey talk about many things wey dey happen now and problems wey everybody dey face.

How people dey move from Africa go Europe plus how Africa den Europe countries dey relate to each oda dey inside many Africa films. Abderrahmane Sissako's film, Waiting for Happiness, show how one Mauritania city dey try fight against things wey comot outside dey change dem, through de story of one man wey come back from Europe. Migration na important thing for Mahamat Saleh Haroun's film, Une Saison en France too, wey show how one family from Central Africa Republic dey try go stay for France. Haroun be part of Chadian people wey dey live for France, plus e him use de film talk about some things wey concern dis people wey dey live outside dem own country.

Africanfuturism den ein Afrofuturism be new style wey dey grow, wey include Africans for Africa and dem wey dey outside Africa, wey dey tell stories of science or tings wey no dey real, wey involve Africa and African people. Neill Blomkamp's film, District 9, be well-known example, wey show how aliens invade South Africa. Wanuri Kahiu's short film, Pumzi, show fictional Maitu community for Africa 35 years after World War III, wey be futuristic. 

Some directors like Haroun and Kahiu dey worry say no be enough cinema house and people no dey appreciate cinema for some Africa countries. But some organizations like Changamoto arts fund dey help give more resources plus chance to African filmmakers.

2020s

Some Africa countries no get freedom to talk, wey dey affect film industry bad bad. Dis one dey worse for Equatorial Guinea. De feature film, The Writer From a Country Without Bookstores , be de first film wey dem shoot for dat country, and e dey criticize Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo's rule, wey be one of de longest rule for de whole world.

Themes

Africa cinema, like cinema for other places, dey cover chaw topics. For Algiers in 1975, Pan African Federation of Filmmakers (FEPACI) take Charte du cinéaste africain (Charter of de African filmmaker), wey know say postcolonial and neocolonial tings important for Africa cinema. De filmmakers begin by talk about how Africa societies dey suffer under neocolonialism. "De way Africa societies dey live now be say dem no get freedom for many tings: politics, economy, culture." Africa filmmakers show dem support for filmmakers wey dey fight for good tings for other places. Africa cinema dey count as part of Third Cinema

Senegalese film director, producer and write Ousmane Sembène (1923-2007).

Some Africa filmmakers, like Ousmane Sembène, dey try to give Africa history back to Africa people by remembering how dem resist European and Islamic people wey come rule dem.

Africa filmmaker dey resemble de traditional griot. Like griot, dem task be to express and show tings wey happen for de community. De way Africa people dey tell stories orally dey appear again for Africa films. Africa film also take influence from other continents, like Italian neorealism, Brazilian Cinema Novo plus Bertolt Brecht's theatre

Women wey be directors

• 
  Kemi Adetiba (born 1980), Nigerian film maker, 2014.
• 
  Safi Faye (1943-2023), Senegalese film director, anthropologist, ethnologist and feminist, 2004.
• 
  Wanuri Kahiu (born 1980), Kenyan film director, producer, and author, 2018.
• 
  Hala Khalil (born 1967), Egyptian film director, producer, and screenwriter, 2018.

Safi Faye, wey be ethnologist and filmmaker, dey known as one of de pioneers of Senegalese cinema and cinema for Africa continent as a whole. She be de first Africa woman wey direct film and get recognition from outside. Faye's first film, La Passante (De Passerby), come out for 1972, and after dat, she release her first big film, Kaddu Beykat (Letter from My Village), for 1975. Faye continue to work hard and release many tings for de late 1970s till her last work, de 1996 drama film Mossane.

Sarah Maldoror, French filmmaker plus daughter give people wey comot Guadeloupe, dey known as one of de pioneers of Africa cinema for outside Africa. She start Les Griots (The Troubadours), de first drama group for France wey focus on actors from Africa and Afro-Caribbean. She start from theatre but go study filmmaking for State Institute of Cinematography of de Russian Federation (VGIK) for Moscow. For 1972, Maldoror shoot her film Sambizanga about de war wey happen for Angola from 1961-74. De women wey survive dat war be de subject of de documentary Les Oubliées (De Forgotten Women), wey Anne-Laure Folly make 20 years later. Maldoror also work as assistant director on The Battle of Algiers (1966) with filmmaker Gillo Pontecorvo.

for 1995 insyd, Wanjiru Kinyanjui make de feature film ''The Battle'' wey dey about ''the Sacred Tree'' for Kenya.

For 2008, Manouchka Kelly Labouba become de first woman for Gabon cinema history wey direct film wey no be real. Her short film Le Divorce talk about how modern tings plus traditional tings dey affect de divorce of one young Gabon couple.

Kemi Adetiba, wey be music video director before, make her first film as director for 2016 with The Wedding Party. De film, wey talk about tings wey happen for de celebration of one big wedding for aristocratic people, go become de most successful Nollywood film for de history of her country, Nigeria.

Wanuri Kahiu be Kenyan film director, wey people know well for ein film From a Whisper, wey win Best Director, Best Screenplay, and Best Picture for Africa Movie Academy Awards for 2009. Almost 10 years after dem release From a Whisper, Kahiu's film Rafiki, wey be story about two teenage girls wey dey grow up for present-day Kenya, come out. De film make news, partly because dem select am for Cannes Film Festival but also because dem talk about sexuality wey no dey okay for Kenyan government.

Rungano Nyoni, wey people know well for de film I am Not a Witch wey get praise from around de world, be Zambian-Welsh director and screenwriter. She born for Zambia but also grow up for Wales, Nyoni go graduate from University of Arts for London with Master's degree in acting for 2009. Her work as filmmaker (whether as director or screenwriter) also include de short films: The List (2009, short), Mwansa The Great (2011, short), Listen (2014, short), and she also be one of de directors of de international film project Nordic Factory (2014). She win many awards, including BAFTA for best new British filmmaker for I am Not a Witch.

UNESCO dema report for African film industry

For October 2021, UNESCO release report give film plus audiovisual industry give 54 countries for Africa insyd, wey include numbers den facts, and also analysis of de good and bad tings for de industry at Africa level and regional level. De report give advice on how to make film plus audiovisual sectors better for Africa and invite government people, professional groups, companies, filmmakers, plus artists to work together to make am happen.

Part one of de report be titled Pan-African Trends Wey Dey Shape de Future of Africa's Film and Audiovisual Sector, Part two be Strategic Development and Growth Models, Part three show detailed information about each country, and de annex list important dates for African cinema from 1896 to 2021. Apart from how audiovisual productions start and grow, de report also talk about big filmmakers and their good work, recent tings like online streaming, and also de problems wey de industry dey face like lack of training, money, and appreciation.

List of cinema by region

North Africa

 

• Cinema of Algeria
• Cinema of Egypt
• Cinema of Libya

• Cinema of Morocco
• Cinema of Tunisia

West Africa

• Cinema of Benin
• Cinema of Burkina Faso
• Cinema of Cape Verde
• Cinema of the Gambia
• Cinema of Ghana
• Cinema of Guinea
• Cinema of Guinea-Bissau
• Cinema of Ivory Coast

• Cinema of Liberia
• Cinema of Mali
• Cinema of Mauritania
• Cinema of Niger
• Cinema of Nigeria
• Cinema of Senegal
• Cinema of Sierra Leone
• Cinema of Togo

Central Africa

• Cinema of Angola
• Cinema of Burundi
• Cinema of Cameroon
• Cinema of the Central African Republic
• Cinema of Chad
• Cinema of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

• Cinema of Equatorial Guinea
• Cinema of Gabon
• Cinema of the Republic of the Congo
• Cinema of Rwanda
• Cinema of São Tomé and Príncipe 

East Africa

 

• Cinema of the Comoros
• Cinema of Djibouti
• Cinema of Eritrea
• Cinema of Ethiopia
• Cinema of Kenya
• Cinema of Mauritius

• Cinema of Seychelles
• Cinema of Somalia
• Cinema of South Sudan
• Cinema of Sudan
• Cinema of Tanzania
• Cinema of Uganda

Southern Africa

 

• Cinema of Botswana
• Cinema of Eswatini
• Cinema of Lesotho
• Cinema of Madagascar
• Cinema of Malawi

• Cinema of Mozambique
• Cinema of Namibia
• Cinema of South Africa
• Cinema of Zambia
• Cinema of Zimbabwe

Directors by country

• Algeria: Merzak Allouache, Malek Bensmaïl, Nina Khada, Karim Moussaoui
• Angola: Zézé Gamboa, Miguel Hurst
• Benin: Idrissou Mora Kpaï, Jean Odoutan
• Botswana: Thabiso Maretlwaneng, Thato Rantao Mwosa
• Burkina Faso: Gaston Kaboré, Valérie Kaboré, Dani Kouyaté, Fanta Régina Nacro, Sanou Kollo, Idrissa Ouedraogo, Pierre Rouamba, Drissa Touré, Apolline Traoré, Saint Pierre Yaméogo
• Burundi: Justine Bitagoye, Eddy Munyaneza, Léonce Ngabo
• Cameroon: Jean-Pierre Bekolo, Bassek Ba Kobhio, Urbain Dia Moukouri, Bernard Auguste Kouemo Yanghu, Joséphine Ndagnou, Jean-Paul Ngassa, Jean-Pierre Dikongué Pipa, Thérèse Sita-Bella, Francis Taptue, Jean-Marie Teno, Francois L. Woukoache
• Cape Verde: Lolo Arziki, Leão Lopes, Júlio Silvão Tavares
• Chad: Issa Serge Coelo, Mahamat Saleh Haroun
• Comoros: Hachimiya Ahamada
• Côte d'Ivoire: Marie-Louise Asseu, Sidiki Bakaba, Akissi Delta, Henri Duparc, Desiré Ecaré, Fadika Kramo Lanciné, Roger Gnoan M'Bala, Jacques Trabi
• Democratic Republic of the Congo: Machérie Ekwa Bahango, Balufu Bakupa-Kanyinda, Baloji, Mars Kadiombo Yamba Bilonda, Guy Bomanyama-Zandu, Claude Haffner, Dieudo Hamadi, Mamadi Indoka, Kiripi Katembo, Joseph Kumbela, Laura Kutika, Zeka Laplaine, Albert Mongita, Djo Tunda Wa Munga, Guy Kabeya Muya, Mwezé Ngangura, Ne Kunda Nlaba, Monique Mbeka Phoba, Roger Kwami Zinga
• Egypt: Salah Abu Seif, Adel Adeeb, Youssef Chahine, Yousry Nasrallah, Ezz El-Dine Zulficar, Sherif Arafa, Khaled Youssef, Marwan Hamed, Mohamed Khan, Shady Abdel Salam, Khairy Beshara, Samir Seif, Nader Galal, Ali Abdel-Khalek, 

Films wey dey about African cinema

An Open-Air-Cinema in Johannesburg with an inflatable movie screen (2010)

• Caméra d'Afrique, Director: Férid Boughedir, Tunisia/France, 1983
• La Belle at the Movies, Director: Cecilia Zoppelletto, Kinshasa, 2016
• Le Congo, quel cinéma!, Director: Guy Bomanyama-Zandu, Democratic Republic of Congo, 2005
• Les Fespakistes, Directors: François Kotlarski, Eric Münch, Burkina Faso/France, 2001
• Sembene!, Director: Samba Gadjigo and Jason Silverman, 2015
• Spell Reel, Director: Filipa César, Guinea-Bissau, 2017, documentary on the digitization of revolutionary films from Guinea-Bissau.
• This Is Nollywood, Director: Franco Sacchi, 2007

Film festivals

Africa

• Africa International Film Festival (AFRIFF), Lagos, Nigeria
• Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA, AMA Awards), Yenagoa, Nigeria
• Alexandria International Film Festival, Alexandria, Egypt
• Amakula International Film Festival, Kampala, Uganda
• Ananse Cinema International Film Festival (ANCIFF), Kasoa, Ghana
• Aswan International Women's Film Festival, Aswan, Egypt
• Bushman Film Festival, held in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
• Cabo Verde International Film Festival
• Cairo International Film Festival (CIFF), Cairo, Egypt
• Carthage Film Festival
• El Gouna Film Festival (GFF), El Gouna, Egypt
• Festival International du Film Amateur de Kélibia (FIFAK), Kélibia, Tunisia
• Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou (FESPACO), Burkina Faso
• Festival of African Cinema (Tarifa-Tangier African Film Festival), Morocco/Spain
• Luanda International Pan African Film Festival (Luanda PAFF)
• Luxor African Film Festival, Luxor, Egypt
• Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou (FESPACO) is the largest and most prestigious film festival in Africa
• Rencontres du Film Court Madagascar (Madagascourt Film Festival)
• Rwanda Film Festival (Hillywood), held in Rwanda
• Sahara International Film Festival (FiSahara), held in Sahrawi refugee camps in Algeria
• Zanzibar International Film Festival (ZIFF)

Asia

• Atesib Film Festival, Israel

Europe

• Africa in Motion, held in Edinburgh, Scotland in late October
• Festival cinémas d’Afrique Lausanne, in Lausanne, Switzerland in August
• Festival des Cinémas d'Afrique du pays d'Apt, in Apt, Vaucluse, France in November

USA

• The African Film Festival (TAFF) held in Dallas in late June
• African Film Festival, held in New York
• Africa World Documentary Film Festival, held in St Louis
• Pan African Film Festival, held in Los Angeles
• Silicon Valley African Film Festival, held in San Jose, California

• African literature
• Africa Movie Academy Awards, Nigeria
• Atlas Corporation Studios, Morocco
• List of African films
• Négritude
• Negrophilia
• Nu Metro Cinemas, South Africa

• Political cinema
• Somaliwood, Somali film industry, Ohio, USA
• Ster-Kinekor, South Africa
• Third Cinema, includes filmmakers from Africa
• Women in African cinema
• World cinema

Bibliography

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External links

• Movie theatres re-opening in Africa (in French, extensive business discussion)
• Congo in Harlem
• The Heavy Flag of Pan-African Cinema Archived 2015-08-09 at the Wayback Machine
• African Cinema in the 1990s
• African Media Program – comprehensive database of African media
• Library of African Cinema in California
• Wiki of the African Film Festival of Tarifa
• Khalid Halhoul, "Using African Cinema to Shift Cultural Perceptions", UTNE, July 3, 2012. Archived 2013-07-03 at the Wayback Machine
• Pan-African Film Festival, Cannes
• "Top African Film Directors in Alphabetical order", Africapedia